Reference no: EM133415259
Literature Review
The Evolution of the Process of Aging
When examining the process of aging, the first question that may pop up is "why such a process exists in the first place?" Apparently, it is a destructive process that leads to the death of individuals, so why did natural selection not get rid of it over the years? Evolutionary biologists attempted to answer these questions by putting forth two possible mechanisms which are the mutation accumulation mechanism and the antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism (Flatt and Partridge, 2-3). The mutation accumulation mechanism proposes that the power of natural selection decreases with age. The longer you live, the more mutations you will accumulate in your cells and the less those mutations will be eliminated resulting in cellular death. As for the antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism, it suggests that our cells tend to evolve mechanisms that are beneficial when we are younger but become destructive when we are older. And since natural selection is weak when we are older, those mechanisms will not be eliminated resulting in the destruction of the cell. For example, the same process of cell suicide that is required to get rid of cancerous cells when we are young will become the process that will destroy our healthy cells when we become older (2-3). So, cellular aging seems to be a process that is maintained over the years due to the inability of natural selection to recognize its deleterious effects.
The Mechanisms Behind the Process of Aging
Scientists have been trying to identify the mechanisms behind the process of aging to develop therapeutics that alleviate its deleterious effects. One focus is on identifying hallmarks which are mechanisms associated to the process. A mechanism is qualified as a hallmark of cellular aging if it were present in the cell under normal conditions, its induction accelerates the process of aging, and its alleviation decreases the process (Lopez-Otin, et al, 1-2). Based on these criteria, a group of scientists from different European universities were able to identify nine different hallmarks that met the mentioned criteria which are cellular senescence, telomere shortening, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic changes, proteostasis loss, deregulated nutrient sensing, exhaustion of stem cells and bad communication between cells (1). Based on this, it looks like any process that disrupts the cell's homeostasis is related to aging. This makes sense given that homeostasis disruption may result in the damage of the cell, and this is the core of the definition of the process of aging.
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: Which features appear trendy and which seem traditional. • critique in any format speak about the Contrast, unity, balance, proportions, balance, Emphasis
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The evolution of the process of aging
: This makes sense given that homeostasis disruption may result in the damage of the cell, and this is the core of the definition of the process of aging
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