Reference no: EM1359205

There are many definitions of abnormal behavior. They range from statistical approaches, to evaluative approaches. This is what the DSM states: A mental disorder is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (a painful symptom) or disability (impairment in one or more areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering, pain, death, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one.

Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that increase central nervous system activity. Amphetamines increase the release of dopamine, which increases pleasurable feelings. Cocaine creates a rush of euphoria followed by depression and agitation. The rush depletes the supply of dopamine and norepinephrine, resulting in painful withdrawal. Crack is an intensified form of pure cocaine, and is one of the most addictive substances known. MDMA (Ecstasy) is a synthetic drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.

Caffeine is a stimulant that activates the pleasure centers of the brain. It is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. Withdrawal from caffeine can produce mild lethargy, headaches, and difficulty with concentration. Nicotine stimulates the reward center of the brain by raising dopamine levels in the brain.

1) Knowing these factors why is addiction so difficult to overcome? What does research say why addiction is so difficult to overcome?

Use scholarly sources within the last three to five years to support your answer. Limit the use of direct quotes. Cite your sources with an APA format.