Reference no: EM1383080
1) What happens to the germ layers during gastrulation if Calcium is removed? What cellular process is involved?
2) Discuss and explain the role of Maternal Affect Genes, Gap Genes, and Pair-rule genes in the anterior-posterior patterning of the Drosophila embryo.
3) What is a balancer chromosome, and how is it used in genetic screens?
4) What is a morphogen? How do morphogens affect patterning of Drosophila segments?
5) What are the common features of signaling pathways?
6) What do we mean when we say a cell is competent?
7) Paracrine signaling molecules usually use which of the four types of receptors?
8) What are four affects that signaling from a ligand will have on a cell (what will the ligand cause the cell to do?)?
9) Of the four major paracrine signaling pathways (FGF, Wnt, TGF-beta and hedgehog), a) which pathways can be turned on by a null mutation in one of the components of the pathway? And b) what are the components?
10) How do maternal genes establish the A-P axis in Drosophila? Include they’re action on Gap genes.
11) Gurken is a ligand secreted by the developing oocyte and it signals through the receptor torpedo. How does gurken signaling help establish the dorsal-ventral axis in Drosophila?
12) How do the genes in a C. elegans operon differ from the genes in a bacteria operon?
13) Why is using a vulvaless mutant animal useful when doing a genetic screen?
14) What are the indications that the first cell division in C. elegans is asymmetrical?
15) Describe the interaction between the PAR-2 and PAR-3 proteins and their role asymmetrical cell division.
16) What is the role of the polarity mediators?
17) What would be the phenotype of an egl-1 loss of function mutation? Egl-1 gain of function mutation?
18) What is an equivalence group of cells?