Reference no: EM1382296

1. When William was helping victims following a devastating earthquake in a region that was not prepared to swiftly set up adequate temporary  shelter, he developed severe diarrhea. He was diagnosed as having cholera, a disease transmitted through unsanitary water supplies that have been contaminated by fecal material from infected individuals. The toxin produced by chlorea bacteria causes Cl- channels in the luminal membrane of the intestinal cells to open, thereby increasing he secretion of Cl- from the cells into the intestinal tract lumen. By what mechanisms would Na and water be secreted into the lumen in conjunction with Cl- secretion? How does this secretory response account for the severe diarrhea that is characteristic of cholera?
2. Kevin and his wife have been trying to have a baby for the past three years. On seeking the help of a fertility specialist, Kevin learned that he has a hereditary form of male sterility involving nonmotile sperm. His condition can be traced to defects in the cytoskeletal components of the sperm’s flagella. As a result of his finding, the physician suspected that Kevin also has a long history of recurrent respiratory tract disease. Kevin confirmed that indeed he has had colds, bronchitis, and influenza more frequently than his friends. Why would the physician suspect that Kevin probably had a history of frequent respiratory disease based on his diagnosis of sterility due to nonmotile sperm?
3. Release of lysosomal enzymes from white blood cells during a local immune attack can contribute to the symptoms of inflammation. Suppose, to alleviate inflammation, you develop a drug that destroys all lysosomes. Would this drug have negative side effect? Explain
4. The systems of your body are capable of performing specialized functions that keep you alive and enable you to reproduce. In a very general kind of way, a cell is also capable of performing specific functions that maintain it on a daily basis and enable it to reproduce. For each of the following functions, list all of the parts of a generalized cell that might be involved support, movement, coordination, respiration, digestion, transportation, excretion, food procurement, energy production, making proteins, and reproduction.
5. How can an adult lose billions of cells from all parts of the body each day and still survive?