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You are interested in cell size regulation and discover that signaling through an enzyme-coupled receptor is important for the growth of mouse liver cells. Activation of the receptor activates adenylyl cyclase, which ultimately leads to the activation of PKA, which then phosphorylates a transcription factor called TFS on thereonine 42. This phosphorylation is necessary for the binding of TFS to its specific sites on DNA, where it then activates the transcription of Sze2, a gene that encodes a protein important for liver cell growth. You find that liver cells lacking the receptor are 15% smaller than normal cells, whereas cells that express a constitutively activated version of PKA are 15% larger than normal liver cells. Given these results, predict whether you would expect the cell's size to be bigger or smaller than normal cells if cells were treated in the following fashion.
A. You change theonine 42 on TFS to an alanine residue.
B. You create a version of the receptor that is constitutively active.
C. You add a drug that inhibits adenylyl cyclase
D. You add a drug that increases the activity of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.
E. You mutate the cAMP-binding sites in the regulatory subunits of PKA, so that the complex binds cAMP more tightly.
You have an F- strain of E. coli that is resistant to strepto- mycin (Str(r)) but requires the following amino acids for growth on minimal medium: arginine, cysteine, methionine, phenylala- nine, and proline.
Evaluate and contrast the major muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs and relate their similarities and differences to their function.
Homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell during what stage of cell division? (Read each option carefully.)
If it is reported that Algal bloom kills fish, but the algae didn't produce toxins, what would have caused the fish to die if the algae was non toxic? What could have caused the algal bloom?
A very important part of the paper is your own opinions and ideas, based on the research you have read. Indicate which sources you agree with and which you do not, and explain your answer.
You find that there are two genes for dystrophin in rat and hypothesize that both are active in muscle because both contain the same enhancer-activating region.
Determine what features distinguish association cortices from sensory and motor cortices? Consider thalamic input and corticocortical connections.
How is variability, diploid, independent assortment, crossing over, out breeding mechanisms, polymorphism, heterozygote superiority, hybrid vigor, clines and ecotypes, protogenes, and gene amplification and Pleiotropy relate.
Review the feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis and what happens when these systems do not function appropriately. Give two specific examples for each.
Which of the following movements is an example of extension? bending forward at the waist, kneeling, raising your arm laterally.
Before this module evaluation you were very nervous. Consider a snack might help, you ate a big bowl of pasta and some bread a couple of hourse before you started this quiz.
Determine the major trend in the evolution of land-based plants, starting from nonvascular plants to seed plants?
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