Reference no: EM132840154

Patient Autonomy & Informed Consent

In the context of health care in the United States, the value on autonomy and liberty was cogently expressed by Justice Benjamin Cardozo in Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospitals (1914), when he wrote, "Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body." This case established the principle of informed consent and has become central to modern medical practice ethics. However, a number of events since 1914 have illustrated how the autonomy of patients may be overridden. In Buck v. Bell (1927), Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote that the involuntary sterilization of "mental defectives," then a widespread practice in the U.S., was justified, stating, "Three generations of imbeciles are enough." Another example, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, in which African-American males were denied life-saving treatment for syphilis as part of a scientific study of the natural course of the disease, began in 1932 and was not stopped until 1972.

Providing advice related to topics of bioethics, the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioural Research stated, "Informed consent is rooted in the fundamental recognition-reflected in the legal presumption of competency-that adults are entitled to accept or reject health care interventions on the basis of their own personal values and in furtherance of their own personal goals." But what of circumstances where patients are deemed incompetent through judicial proceedings, and where someone else is designated to make decisions on behalf of a mentally incompetent individual?

Consider the following case:

A middle aged man was involuntarily committed to a state psychiatric hospital because he was considered dangerous to others due to severe paranoid thinking. His violent behavior was controlled only by injectable medications, which were initially administered against his will. He had been declared mentally incompetent, and the decisions to approve the use of psychotropic medications were made by his adult son who had been awarded guardianship and who held medical power of attorney.

While the medications suppressed the patient's violent agitation, they made little impact on his paranoid symptoms. His chances of being able to return to his home community appeared remote. However, a new drug was introduced into the hospital formulary which, if used with this patient, offered the strong possibility that he could return home. The drug, however, was only available in a pill form, and the patient's paranoia included fears that others would try to poison him. The suggestion was made to grind up the pill and surreptitiously administer the drug by mixing it in pudding.

Hospital staff checked with the patient's son and obtained informed consent from him. The "personal values and...personal goals" of the son and other family members were seen to substitute for those of the mentally incompetent patient-and these goals included the desire for the patient to live outside of an institution and close to loved ones in the community. This was the explicitly stated rationale for the son's agreeing to the proposal to hide the medication in food. However, staff were uncomfortable about deceiving the patient, despite having obtained informed consent from the patient's guardian.

QUESTION:

Does the history of the forcible treatments of persons with disabilities and other powerless populations affect how you view this case? Explain.