Reference no: EM133360666
1. Bioactive compounds/Biocatalysis - Describe what is meant by green chemistry and how the use of enzymes in organic production can help to achieve the goals of green chemistry. Name two examples of the use of enzymes or where whole cells are/are used in organic chemical production (apart from starch and cellulose decomposition (processing)). Mention in particular how the enzymes can be used in specific challenges in the production of organic compounds (specificity, reaction conditions, etc.).
2. Name 3 fields of biotechnology related to plant science and describe them
3. Lactobacillus sakei
4. Ethanol - What are the main disadvantages of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae for production of bioethanol? How have people solved these disadvantages/limitations?
5. Organic compounds - What is meant by "enantioselectivity" and how do enzymes distinguish between two enantiomers?
6. Production of protein - Describe as best you can the production of chymosin in E. coli. What needs to be stated is what kind of protein it is and what is the difference between prochymosin, preprochymosin and chymosin. It must also be stated how cloning, plasmids, expression vectors, inclusion bodies and other important aspects of the process come into play.
7. Production of amino acids - What is the main difference between the production of branched and unbranched processes in the production of amino acids. What amino acids are produced by these processes.
8. Biomass - Describe the structure of cellulose, including the nature of the monomers, how cellulose is organized, the nature of the bonds between the monomers and the interaction between the individual strands. Describe how the structure of cellulose explains its stability and resistance to degradation. What is the difference between "crystalline" and "amorphous" cellulose? Describe the role of enzymes necessary for the complete breakdown of "crystalline" cellulose into glucose.
9. Describe the process of making ethanol from complex biomass. Describe the main differences between lignocellulose for the production of second generation ethanol and algae (macroalgae) for the production of third generation ethanol as well as the main challenges in both cases.
10. "Starch processing" - Describe the structure of amylose (starch) and amylopectin and how these substances are used to produce "high fructose corn syrup". Tell about the conditions in the processes for the enzymes and how they are useful in the forward processes.
11. Environmental microbiology - Describe the decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions as best you can. What needs to be addressed is: How are solids such as polysaccharides (wood/wood), proteins (organic wastes) and fats (fatty wastes) converted into their final products? The process is divided into several steps (what are they and what are they called), what are they and which microbes are involved in each of them? Why is hydrogen so important in the process? Define the term "interspecies hydrogen transfer" in this context. If you can, show the process graphically.