Reference no: EM133508252

Question 1

When a researcher notices that participants' scores on the dependent variable in one condition are influenced by their experiences in the previous condition, she potentially has a(n) ______.

A. order effect

B. carryover effect

C. sequencing effect

D. random effect

Question 2

The posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups is likely to control for which of the following threats to internal validity ______.

A. history

B. differential selection

C. additive and interactive effects

D. differential attrition

Question 3

In which of the following examples is the independent variable manipulated by the presence versus absence technique?

A. In one experimental condition, teachers receive in-service training. In the other condition, the teachers receive no training.

B. In one experimental condition, teachers receive in-service training. In the other experimental condition, the teachers receive a written training document for study.

C. In one experimental condition, the teachers receive one day of in-service training. In the second condition, the teachers receive two days of training. In the third condition, the teachers receive three days of training.

D. In one experimental condition, teachers receive in-service training from a college professor. In the second condition, the teachers receive in-service training from a peer.

Question 4

Which of the following types of experiment can most inexpensively collect data from a large sample of participants?

A. field experiment

B. Internet experiment

C. laboratory experiment

D. None of the three settings can inexpensively collect data from a large sample.

Question 5

Counterbalancing involves ______.

A. presenting the experimental conditions to different groups of participants in different orders so that sequencing effects are controlled

B. using analysis of covariance in order control for individual differences in variables related to the dependent variable

C. matching participants on several variables so that the groups are equal

D. holding all extraneous variables constant so they do not influence the scores on the dependent variable

Question 6

Which of the following is not a characteristic of an experiment?

A. Researcher attempts to objectively observe what happens.

B. At least one independent variable is manipulated in a highly controlled environment.

C. There is always a control group.

D. One or more factors are varied, and the others are kept constant.

Question 7

Two teachers who are friends teach math at different high schools. At a conference, they learn about a new program for teaching trigonometry. They decide to test it by having one teacher use it in her class, and the other teacher use the traditional program. At the end of the school year, they compare their students' scores on the AP trigonometry test. This is an example of which research design?

A. one-group posttest-only design

B. one-group pretest-posttest design

C. posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups

D. nonequivalent posttest-only design

Question 8

What is the best technique to use to control for sequencing effects?

A. random assignment to treatment groups

B. matching

C. holding variables constant by building them into the design

D. counterbalancing

Question 9

What evidence in the graphs rules out history or maturation effects as causing the change in time on task?

A. The treatment leads to change for each child regardless of when the session started.

B. All of the baselines are of the same length.

C. All the participants were at the same mean level of attention during baseline.

D. All of the participants started the treatment during the same session.

Question 10

A hypothesis that does not receive support in one single-case study ______.

A. should be discarded

B. should be tested on other individuals before it is discarded

C. should be tested in a group design only

D. is theoretically useless

Question 11

Dr. English wants to test an incentive program to increase attendance in her classes. For the first eight weeks of the semester, she does not use the program and records attendance rates each week. Then she initiates the incentive program for the last eight weeks and continues to record the attendance rate each week. She detects an increase in attendance over the last eight weeks. What design did Dr. English use?

A. nonequivalent comparison-group design

B. posttest-only design

C. interrupted time-series design

D. one group pretest-posttest design

Question 12

Dr. Hand conducted a study with experimental and control groups who were given pretest and posttest measures. Before analyzing his data, Dr. Hand adjusted the participant's posttest scores based on their performance on the pretest. The procedure he used to adjust the scores is known as ______.

A. analysis of variance

B. analysis of covariance

C. analysis of regression

D. analysis of discontinuity

Difficulty Level: Hard

Question 13

A single-case experimental design in which the response to the experimental treatment condition is compared to baseline responses taken before and after administering the treatment condition. What design is this?

A. multiple-baseline design

B. A-B-A design

C. A-B-A-B design

D. regression-discontinuity design

Question 14

Corey does a study where he wants to look at students who have dropped out of college versus those who have not. He wants to find out what variables predict dropout. He asks them to recall their motivation level when they finished high school. He asks the students to recall their high school performance and interest in mathematics, science, social studies, and English language arts, as well as any disciplinary issues they had in high school. What pair of terms best describes his study?

A. cross-sectional predictive

B. longitudinal predictive

C. retrospective descriptive

D. retrospective predictive

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a categorical independent variable that cannot be manipulated?

A. student's special education status

B. high school GPA

C. score on a personality test

D. peer rankings of friendships

Question 16

The first "simple case" of nonexperimental research involves ______.

A. one quantitative independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable

B. one manipulated independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable

C. one nonmanipulated categorical independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable

D. one nonmanipulated quantitative independent variable and one categorical dependent variable

Question 17

A researcher is interested in developing a model to predict first-grade reading achievement. She includes in her model the following four factors: (a) the child's level of language development, (b) the highest level of education of a parent in the child's household, (c) the amount of time that the parent reads with the child, and (d) the quality of teaching that the child has received. The child's level of language, the quality of teaching, and the amount of time a parent reads to the child correlate with reading achievement. The highest level of education correlates with both the amount of time the parent reads with the child and reading achievement. Which of the following variables has both a direct and indirect effect on reading achievement?

A. parent education

B. time joint reading

C. quality of teaching

D. language development

Question 18

Partial correlation analysis involves ______.

A. examining the relationship between two or more variables controlling for additional variables statistically

B. including only one group in a correlational analysis

C. matching participants on potential confounding variables

D. limiting the sample to individuals at a constant level of an extraneous variable

Question 19

By definition, nonexperimental research is different from experimental research in that ______.

A. no dependent variables are measured in nonexperimental research studies

B. no hypotheses are tested in nonexperimental research studies

C. nonexperimental research studies do not have independent variables

D. independent variables are not manipulated in nonexperimental research

Question 20

Prospective studies ______.

A. are more expensive than cross-sectional studies to carry out

B. deal with different independent samples at each point in time

C. have difficulty showing causal relations because it is hard to establish which factor occurs first

D. participants have a difficult time remembering their previous experiences.