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The role of a malate binding site ina concavity external to the more deeply situated active site has been a major my stery of the fumarase reaction. The malate, within12 Å of the active site, was bound by hydrogen bonds to two main-chain amides and to two basic residues, H129 and R126. Mutation of the His of this so-called B site of Escherichia colifumarase had little effect on the overall initial rate kinetics ofthe enzyme, which has obscured an understanding of the criticalrole of the site. Contrary to the WT enzyme, which is rate-limitedin the recycling of free enzyme isoforms that follows productrelease, the enzyme with both basic residues modified israte-limited in the product release step itself. A loss ofcomplexity in the mutated, but still functional, step is indicatedby a greatly reduced sensitivity of its rate to changes intemperature. Unlike the inhibition by glycerol shown with normalenzyme and attributed to a viscogenic effect on the recycling rate,the product release step of the B-site mutants is accelerated byglycerol, suggestive of a structural effect on the 12-Å spacebetween the A and B sites. It is proposed that the‘‘extra’’ malate represents a stage in thetransfer of substrate and product between the solvent and the‘‘buried’’ active site of the enzyme.
Explain specifically how irradiation using the following methods destroys microbes provides an examples(s) of materials that can be sterilized by each of the techniques below.
What effect might this have on cell lineages during development. Describe the physical changes that would occur in SIM medium if you inoculated an organism that was negative for hydrogen sulfide but positive for indole production and motility.
Discuss and define motor unit and describe how motor units function in recruitment and in maintaining muscle tone. Explain the different types of skeletal muscle fibers.
Darren operates a nusery and he wants to apply some pollon to fertilize som flowers. To what structure should he apply the pollen?
the following structural elements: Heavy chain, light chain, interchain disulfide bonds, intrachain disulfide bonds, Fab, Fc, Domain(s), antigen binding site
A particular Drosophila female that is wild-type in appearance is known to be heterozygous for the three recessive mutations black body (b), curved wings (c) and purple eyes (p).
The foregut is the region that begins the digestive process by transforming large food chunks into a smaller chunky soup. The human stomach is a muscular sack of glands that secretes proteases and HCl.
List the hormones that regulate urine formation in mammals. List where they are produced, their target organs, and their effects.
A parallel plate flow chamber is used to measure the viscosity of an unknown fluid. With a channel height of 0.1 cm and width of 1 cm, the wall shear stress can reach 3 Pa with flow rate of 8 cm3/s.
If iodine were not available, how would you determine whether starch hydrolysis had occurred? Some may see starch agar plate as an answer, however, isn't that already being used to grow the bacteria?
Describe the structural changes that had to happen to support this move and discuss the functional importance of each of these structures to the environmental changes the plants had to face.
Describe how environmental change and natural selection combine to shape a population's range of traits and explain how these patterns influence the direction of evolution.
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