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1. Signalling through co-stimulatory receptors such as CD28 and CTLA4 are critical for the regulation of T cell activation.
a. Inflammation can increase expression of co-stimulatory ligands (such as CD80/86) on APC surfaces. Inflammation is thought to play a role in the causation of some autoimmune diseases, and inflammation can worsen autoimmune responses. Using what you know of T-cell activation and function, focusing on co-stimulatory receptor/ligand interactions, explain why inflammation may increase the risk of autoimmune diseases.
b. Abatacept is a CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein. It binds to CD80 and CD86, preventing CD80/86 from binding to both CTLA-4 and CD28. Abatacept can be used in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune disease. How would abatacept binding of CD80/86 help in the treatment of autoimmune disease?
c. There are both cancer treatments and autoimmune disease treatments that target CTLA4. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are CTLA-4 blocking antibodies that are under clinical development for treatment of melanoma and other cancers (a blocking antibody binds to the target, CTLA-4, and prevents the natural ligand from binding, blocking signal from CTLA-4). How would a CTLA-4 blocking antibody enhance tumour responses?
How do quality practices that originated in the manufacturing industry differ from the traditional quality practice of healthcare organizations?
In this assignment, you will consider how CSRs can train themselves to become better listeners. Refer to Chapter 10 as you complete this part of assignment.
Imagine a sample of 15 subjects with a mean score of 10 and standard error of 3. What's the upper limit for the 95% confidence interval of the mean?
The system, process, and design Failure Mode Effects Analysis or FMEA is a Lean Six Sigma tool used to identify any potential failures and to develop corrective actions for the potential failures.
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Mountain claims that it was discharged from its obligations under the lease because of material breach. Is Mountain correct? Explain.
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If you were an economic adviser to the president and someone made this suggestion, what would you say in response to this proposal?
Based upon the assigned readings (Drucker's "The Coming of the New Organization" and Zahra's "The Changing Rules of Global Competitiveness in the 21st Century"),
customer perceptionlets say you want to change the value perception of the customer how would you go about doing that?
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