Reference no: EM133410391
Questions
1. The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolving into the nucleus.
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi apparatus.
anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen-the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts.
2. Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Rough ER
PLasmodesmata
Golgi vesicles
Free cytoplasmic ribosomes
Lysosomes
3. The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?
Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.
Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
4. When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?
Primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → secondary cell wall → vacuole
Primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
Secondary cell wall → plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
Primary cell wall → plasma membrane → lysosome → cytoplasm → vacuole
Plasma membrane → primary cell wall → cytoplasm → vacuole
5. What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Golgi → ER → lysosome
Nucleus → ER → Golgi
ER → Golgi → nucleus
ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
6. Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the ________.
ribosomes
peroxisomes
lysosomes
mitochondria
ER
7. Scientists have found that polypeptides which are normally synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum are about 20 amino acids longer when they are synthesized by ribosomes not attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. What is a possible explanation for the greater length of these polypeptides?
The 20 amino acids serve as a signal (peptide) sequence that directs the forming polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are cleaved off during processing.
The 20-amino-acid sequence helps the endoplasmic reticulum package these proteins for shipping to the Golgi.
Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum require fewer amino acids to function.
The protein has a different function in the cytosol than in the endoplasmic reticulum.
8. Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter.
Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
The entropy of the universe is constant.
The entropy of the universe is decreasing.
9. For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?
The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.
The energy content of an organism is constant.
Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics.
The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.
Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.
10. The second law of thermodynamics states that whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the ________.
free energy of the universe
enthalpy of the universe
free energy of the system
entropy of the universe
entropy of the system