Reference no: EM133582756

Hybrid Cars Hybrid vehicles are growing in popularity as companies become more environmentally conscious. There are different types of hybrid vehicles, all of which work slightly differently, using both petrol and electric components in order to power the vehicle. The most common types of hybrid vehicles include; parallel hybrids, range extender hybrids and plug-in hybrids. Out of these, the most popular type of hybrid vehicle at the moment is the parallel hybrid - a good example of this kind of hybrid is the Toyota Prius. The Prius and vehicles like it can be powered by the petrol engine, the electric motor or a combination of both, to reduce fuel consumption without compromising on performance. Parallel hybrids will have a relatively powerful electric motor, combined with a smaller petrol engine that is used to support it, rather than power the car independently. Most parallel hybrids will use the electric motor only at low speeds and when stop-start driving in city centres, however when accelerating quickly or driving at high speeds, it will quickly activate the petrol engine to increase the power. The electric motor isn't usually charged externally, and instead is powered from a combination of regenerative braking. When driving a hybrid vehicle, every time the brake is applied, it helps to recharge the battery. An internal mechanism kicks in, capturing the energy emitted and using it to charge the battery, reducing the need to recharge the battery on a regular basis. This is known as regenerative braking. Coasting is a similar driving method for petrol vehicles to maximise range and MPG (Miles per Gallon), allowing the car to coast to a stop on its own. Advantages of Hybrid Cars: The main advantage of hybrid vehicles is that they are more environmentally friendly. As they combine fuel with electric capabilities, they have lower emissions than regular petrol vehicles, and simply get through less fuel on the whole as a result. This means that hybrid vehicles are perfect for city driving. They also tend to have better gas mileage, offering the power of a regular engine but they are more energy efficient. This means the driver does not need to refuel as much as they would driving the same journey, in the same style, with a normal petrol vehicle. Additionally, hybrids also have regenerative braking so every time the brake is applied, it helps to recharge the battery whilst on-the-go. With hybrids, it's also possible to get some tax incentives, as governments and local authorities encourage drivers to choose more environmentally friendly options. This varies from region to region but can include exemption from congestion charges, and for businesses in the UK, hybrid vehicles for company use can be written off as an allowable deduction. Hybrid vehicles are made of lighter materials with an engine that is also smaller and lighter, but this is to counteract the lithium battery which can be much weightier. When the vehicle is idle, the engine in hybrid vehicles automatically shuts off to capture the kinetic energy as part of the regenerative braking, and only starts up again when the accelerator is pressed. Disadvantages of Hybrid Cars: While hybrid vehicles have their advantages, they also have disadvantages too. Firstly, as hybrid vehicles have both a combustion engine and battery, they are much heavier than their counterparts and don't tend to handle higher speeds as well as regular petrol vehicles do. In general, they don't have the same level performance that lots of drivers look for when choosing their next vehicle. This includes things like slower accelerating speed and less nimble. Hybrids are also more costly to buy and maintain than regular vehicles are, both new and second-hand. As there are fewer hybrids on the road, it can be more difficult to find parts and mechanics with the expertise to make repairs, which are often more costly. There are also more costs associated with replacing hybrid batteries, though they are designed to last for at least 100,000 miles before being needing to be replaced. It can be very difficult to safely dispose of hybrid batteries and without risk to the environment, which means an additional expense. In most areas, however, proper battery recycling is mandatory, so it's not something drivers can avoid.

Questions :

1. Identify the social goals and functions of Tsu; five characteristics of Tsu language; and TS organizational structure.

2. Referring to the text above, describe how your understanding and information helps you understand the text above. Then state three (3) terminologies and/or special expressions or parts that are difficult to translate in the text above and how you understand them so that the translation you make is accurate, reasonable and acceptable.