Reference no: EM133576604

Questions:

1. Identify the critical issues, applicable theories or processes, alternative solutions, and the best alternative with its implementation strategy?

2. An introduction, body, and conclusion, focusing on synthesis, critical thinking, and analysis?

Case Study:

The Colonial Period From 1500 to about 1850, the main focus of Europeans in Africa was the slave trade. The slave trade severely depopulated coastal and West Africa, central West Africa, and Southeast Africa. Although the extent to which Africans participated in this process is hotly contested, it is indisputable that the high demand for labor on sugar, cotton, and tobacco plantations in the Americas was the fuel that fired this brutal trade in human lives. By the mid-1800s, the morality of the slave trade was in question and demand for enslaved people had declined, set- ting the stage for a second colonial wave (see Chapter 2). Several European countries began to want to extract more from Africa than slaves. They commissioned explorations of the African interior. By the 1880s the European "Scramble for Africa" was well underway. At the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference, without a single African present, European colonial powers divided the continent of Africa among themselves and drew arbitrary boundaries among colonial territories (Figure 4.12). The Berlin Conference borders ignored the distribution of African ethnic groups, civilizations, resources, and history. The colonies included economically fragile, landlocked entities as well as large areas encompassing hundreds of ethnic groups. Europeans took over or established cities as administra- tive centers containing military garrisons, the real source of power. In 1890, 200 British pioneers and about 400 soldiers raised the Union Jack on an empty plain in the middle of Mashonaland a?er a 425-mile (700 km) march north from South Africa, establishing the city of Salisbury (today's Harare, Zimbabwe) (Figure 4.13a). The land was under the influence of a prominent Shona chief named Harare. Nonetheless, the British built a fort and named it a?er the British prime minister at the time, Lord Salisbury. TC Salisbury was designed to protect an area highly coveted by Europeans for its site characteristics, a cool upland By the mid-1800s, the morality of the slave trade was in question and demand for enslaved people had declined, set- ting the stage for a second colonial wave (see Chapter 2). Sev- eral European countries began to want to extract more from Africa than slaves. They commissioned explorations of the African interior. By the 1880s the European "Scramble for Africa" was well underway. At the 1884-1885 Berlin Confer- ence, without a single African present, European colonial powers divided the continent of Africa among themselves and drew arbitrary boundaries among colonial territories (Figure 4.12). The Berlin Conference borders ignored the distribution of African ethnic groups, civilizations, resources, and history. The colonies included economically fragile, landlocked entities as well as large areas encompassing hundreds of ethnic groups. Europeans took over or established cities as administra- tive centers containing military garrisons, the real source of power. In 1890, 200 British pioneers and about 400 soldiers raised the Union Jack on an empty plain in the middle of Mashonaland a?er a 425-mile (700 km) march north from South Africa, establishing the city of Salisbury (today's Harare, Zimbabwe) (Figure 4.13a). The land was under the influence of a prominent Shona chief named Harare. Nonetheless, the British built a fort and named it a?er the British prime minister at the time, Lord Salisbury. TC Salisbury was designed to protect an area highly coveted by Europeans for its site characteristics, a cool upland. By the mid-1800s, the morality of the slave trade was in question and demand for enslaved people had declined, set- ting the stage for a second colonial wave (see Chapter 2). Sev- eral European countries began to want to extract more from Africa than slaves. They commissioned explorations of the African interior. By the 1880s the European "Scramble for Africa" was well underway. At the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference, without a single African present, European colonial powers divided the continent of Africa among themselves and drew arbitrary boundaries among colonial territories (Figure 4.12). The Berlin Conference borders ignored the distribution of African ethnic groups, civilizations, resources, and history. The colonies included economically fragile, landlocked entities as well as large areas encompassing hundreds of ethnic groups. Europeans took over or established cities as administrative centers containing military garrisons, the real source of power. In 1890, 200 British pioneers and about 400 soldiers raised the Union Jack on an empty plain in the middle of Mashonaland a?er a 425-mile (700 km) march north from South Africa, establishing the city of Salisbury (today's Harare, Zimbabwe) (Figure 4.13a). The land was under the influence of a prominent Shona chief named Harare. Nonetheless, the British built a fort and named it a?er the British prime minister at the time, Lord Salisbury. TC Salisbury was designed to protect an area highly coveted by Europeans for its site characteristics, a cool upland johannesburg township of Soweto, which would become the intellectual incubator of leaders of the struggle against apart- heid. Johannesburg is now a thriving, cosmopolitan city of 3.2 million people and is the commercial capital of South Africa. TC Freed slaves established the site of Libreville, Gabon, in the mid-1800s. French colonizers favored Libreville's location as a port city on the Atlantic coast and its connection by railroad into the interior forest.