Reference no: EM133714015

Question

The following case study discusses how tissue pathology leads to diseases such as cancer. Mr. Johnson, a 58-year-old male, presents to the gastroenterology clinic with a complaint of chronic heartburn and regurgitation for the past two years. He describes a burning sensation in the chest, especially after meals, and occasional regurgitation of sour-tasting fluid. Over-the-counter antacids provide temporary relief, but the symptoms persist. Mr. Johnson reports a history of smoking and occasional alcohol consumption. Upon further questioning, Mr. Johnson discloses that he has a first-degree relative who was recently diagnosed with esophageal adenocarcinoma. Concerned about his persistent symptoms and family history, he undergoes an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The endoscopy reveals the presence of visible changes in the distal esophagus, characterized by salmon-colored mucosa extending upward from the gastroesophageal junction. A biopsy is performed during the endoscopy, and the histopathological examination confirms the presence of metaplastic columnar epithelium with goblet cells, consistent with Barrett's esophagus. The gastroenterologist discusses the diagnosis with Mr. Johnson, explaining the increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma associated with Barrett's esophagus. A comprehensive management plan is initiated, including lifestyle modifications, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy to control acid reflux, and regular surveillance endoscopies to monitor for dysplastic changes.