Reference no: EM132181943

1. Describe how the arrangement of pre- and postganglionic axons illustrates the differences in roles of the parasympathetic vs. sympathetic nervous system. Include in your description:

locations of each type of ganglia, NTs and NT receptors used and the effects on critical targets. What target tissues receive only sympathetic innervation?

2. Compare and contrast second messenger receptor mechanisms in the endocrine system to intracellular endocrine receptor mechanisms. Include in your discussion how these mechanisms work. Explain why second messenger mechanisms amplify the signal and why steroid hormones act more slowly but are more persistent than second messenger mechanisms.

3. Compare and contrast short term and long term stress responses. Include in your discussion of long term stress responses a comparison of neural vs. hormonal controls via the renin-angiotensin mechanisms. Include the mechanisms a comparison of how short vs. long term responses affect blood pressure and metabolism.

4. Compare and contrast the hormones active in the regulation of blood glucose levels (GH, glucocorticoids, NE/E, insulin and glucagon). Explain in your discussion how each of these acts to alter blood glucose including sources of glucose and triggers that cause hormonal regulation to occur. Discuss synergistic or antagonistic interactions between hormones that influence blood glucose levels.

5. Compare and contrast hormonal regulation of the male versus female reproductive systems. Discuss the roles of positive and negative feedback loops in the cyclic regulation of female ovarian cycle. Describe how hormones of the uterine cycle and how ovarian hormones influence it.