Reference no: EM131148479

1. According to Sampson and Wilson (1995), how has deindustrialization impacted social disorganization theory? What do they say with regard to the conditions under which poor blacks and poor whites live? Name and describe the two factors that these scholars consider to be most important for explaining the relationship between race and crime. What do they mean by "cognitive landscapes"? How are these similar to Anderson's code of the street? Once economic factors are taken into account, do black and white violence rates differ? (that is, if whites and blacks lived under the same conditions, do they think we would see differences in violence rates?)

2. Provide an overview of the Martin and Hummer article ("Fraternities and Rape"). Identify and discuss in detail the five factors they address as promoting rape among fraternity members. How do characteristics of fraternities as organizations contribute to rape, according to these scholars? To what extent (if any) do you think what is discussed in this article is also applicable to the situation at the University of Miami? Explain your answer.

3. Based on lecture and the Parker and Auerhahn (1998) article, is individual-level use of alcohol related to violence? If so, how/why? Briefly, what is Parker's "selective disinhibition" theory? What is passive constraint? What is active constraint? How does alcohol impact active constraint? How might this lead to increased likelihoods of violence? These scholars also discuss Paul Goldstein's tripartite nexus; what are the three ways drugs may impact violence, according to this approach? Which element of the nexus is the most important for the drugs-violence relationship? Why?

4. Based on Anderson's book, Code of the Street, why is the drug economy so important? How do drug markets help to create/increase violence? Why are economic changes and conditions, including the lack of legitimate jobs, so important to understanding the presence of drug markets? How has crack come to replace the role of legitimate jobs for some community residents? Why was the introduction of crack particularly important for the community? With regard to drugs and other types of criminal behavior, why do many people "see but don't see"? Why do "old heads" and others hesitate to get involved when they see crime and violence occur?