Reference no: EM131012319

N-dim Hypercube

A 3-dimensional unit cube may be represented as the set of points C³ = {(x, y, z)| 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1, 0 < z < 1},

The cube has 8 vertices, 12 edges and 6 faces (see Figure 1). We can also define an n-dim cube en (a higher dimensional cube is usually known as a hypercube) as the set of points

Cⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, ····, x_n)| 0 ≤ x_i ≤ 1, i = 1, 2, ····, n}

Just like the case for C³, a point (x₁, x₂, ····, x_n) is a vertex of Cⁿ if and only if each x_i = 0 or 1. Since there are two possible values for each of such x_i, an n-dim cube Cⁿ will have 2ⁿ vertices. Two vertices define an edge of the n-cube if and only if they differ in exactly one of their coordinates. For instance, there are three edges connected to the vertex (0, 0, 0) in the 3-dim cube. In general, each vertex of the n-cube is connected to exactly n edges.

Problem 1. How many edges does an n-cube have? Give your reason.

A 3-dim cube has six 2-dim faces, each of ⁽"Ato which is determined by setting one of its coordinates zero. For instance, the top face consists of all the points in the cube with z = 1 and the bottom face consists of all the points with z = 0. In the same way, an n-cube has 2n faces of dimension (n - 1). For instance, we have shown a representation of the 4-dim cube in Figure 2, where the two shaded 3-dim cubes are the top and bottom 3-dim faces of the 4-dim cube. Two vertices of an n-cube defines a (main) diagonal if their midpoint is the center (½, ½, ····, ½) of the n-cube. In the two dimension case, the two diagonals of the square are perpendicular to each other. It is not difficult to see that a 3-dim cube has 4 main diagonals, none of which is perpendicular to any other. What about higher dimensional cubes?

Problem 2. How many (main) diagonals does a 4-dim cube have? Are any two of them perpendicular to each other? If so, which is perpendicular to which? Are there diagonals that are not perpendicular to some of the others? If so, what are the angles between them? You need to justify your answer to get credit.

(Note: As we pointed out in class, the midpoint formula and the angle formula both work in the n-dim space. You may use them.)

Problem 3. For what dimensions n does an n-cube have mutually perpendicular main diagonals? For such an n, how many diagonals are perpendicular to a given diagonal?

Remark. N-dim hypercube are important in computer science since computers use sequences of 0's and l's of a certain length to represent information. But such sequences are just the vertices of a hypercube. The best way to go from vertices to vertices of a hypercube depends considerably on the geometry of the hypercube.