Reference no: EM133513825

Selection bias: Read the sub-section of the Lay et al. article titled "Data" (within the "Methods" section). Answer both of the following questions:

Question (1) How do you think the methods these researchers used may have contributed to selection bias in this study? Be sure to name the form of selection bias you think is at play.

Question (2) Who do you think may have been missing (underrepresented) in their study sample (meaning what kinds of social characteristics do they have), and how do you think they relate to the 2x2 table comparing occupational health and safety vulnerability between recent immigrant workers and workers born in Canada?

Information bias: Read the sub-section of the Lay et al. article titled "Measures" (within the "Methods" section). The outcome for this study is occupational health and safety vulnerability, which includes individual participants' reports regarding workplace hazards. More specifically, the authors explain: "Respondents were classified as exposed to hazards if they reported weekly or more frequent exposure to any two hazards, or if they reported at least weekly exposure to lifting or carrying 20 kg at least ten times a day; work at heights higher than 2 m; bullying or harassment; or work with hazardous substances." Answer both of the following questions:

Question (3) How do you think the methods these researchers used may have contributed to information bias (misclassification) of hazards experienced by the participants? name the form of information bias you think is at play.

Question (4) Explain whether you think this information bias is differential or non-differential (i.e., related immigrant status) and why.

Confounding: Read the sub-section of the Lay et al. article titled "Covariates" (within the "Methods" section) and pay attention to which variables are considered confounders and which are considered mediators. Answer both of the following questions:

Question (5) Why did the authors think it was important to adjust/control for age as a confounder? (Hint: talk about on how it meets all three of the conceptual criteria addressed in class.)

Question (6) Think of a variable that they did not measure in this study but perhaps should have been included as a potential confounder. Define the variable and explain how it meets the three conceptual criteria.