Reference no: EM133421631
Questions
1. What conditions are achieved during autoclaving that enable sterilization?
2. How does the MIC inform dosing schedules for antibiotics?
3. Identify five targets of antimicrobial agents (antibiotics).
4. Identify three mechanisms (and one example of how the mechanism occurs) in which bacteria can defeat antibiotics.
5. Explain the mode of action of a neuraminidase inhibitor (e.g., Tamiflu) in treating an influenza infection.
6. List the four prominent bacterial ecosystems for the human microbiota.
7. Name three general benefits of the human microbiome.
8. Name six functions of gut microbiota.
9. How did the presence of methanogens in obese people contribute to their condition?
10. What is meant by a "3-way conversation" between microbiota and host cells?
11. Define probiotics.
12. What is the "hygiene hypothesis" AKA "disappearing microbiota hypothesis?
13. How can the use of oral antibiotics lead to "dysbiosis"?
14. Over what time period and in what ways is the human microbiome established following birth?
15. Why are there regional differences in the composition of microbiota at various locations in the body?
16. Explain the process of phagocytosis by macrophages.
17. Define and outline the steps involved in inflammation.
18. List four ways microbes can survive phagocytosis.
19. What role do toll-like receptors play in responding to an infection?
20. What is an antigen? From where do they originate, and what role do they play in immune response?
21. Contrast humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
22. Describe the basic structure of an antibody. How are antibodies produced for specific antigens using only 1000 genes in the human genome?