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You are collaborating with a group of archeologists to reconstruct the history of cattle domestication. Your archeologist colleagues tell you that cattle were already domesticated by 9000 years ago, as evidenced by the appearance of pottery fragments containing traces of milk. However, it is not clear from archeological records when the domestication began, or how large the cattle herds were in the first few millennia after domestication. As a biologist, you are familiar with genetic drift and coalescence so you know that effective population size and the time to last common ancestor can be estimated from the patterns of contemporary genetic diversity. You sequence the coding sequence of a milk protein gene from many cows belonging to different breeds on several continents. From these sequences, you estimate that the effective population size of cattle is 100,000, and all present-day alleles coalesce 600,000 years ago. You realize that this is inconsistent with archeological data (no milk pottery is observed until 9,000 years ago) as well as with our knowledge of human evolution (modern humans evolved only 100,000 years ago). To get more genetic data, you sequence the upstream non-coding sequence of the same gene. When you analyze these sequences, they indicate an effective population size of 5,000 and coalescence time of 3,000 years ago. Given this obvious contradiction between two parts of the same gene, you decide to get more independent data by sequencing the mitochondrial genome and several neutrally evolving nuclear genes. The mtDNA produces the same estimate of population size and coalescence time as the upstream non-coding region of the milk protein gene, while the nuclear genes give you the same estimate as the protein-coding portion of the milk gene. You must now propose evolutionary scenarios that could explain your observations. The current number of cattle on the planet is approximately 1.3 billion, yet all estimates of the effective population size are much lower. List several factors that could contribute to this mismatch.
Explain how to measure liquid medications, break scored tablets, and crush tablets in accordance with prescription directions. Explain why it is essential to get clarification of an "as needed" prescription order.
Suppose European Central Bank uses open market operations to undertake this change. Explain in brief the actions the ECB must do in the open market in order to pull this off
Determine the number of undergraduate sociology students in the U.S. How would you research this? How would you come to a ballpark figure? Explain how you came up with your estimate.
Can you help me determine a situation in which you have used script processing in a work or other life situation? Do you believe that scripts can override one's value system?
Write your best guess in space below also adds a sentence explaining why you think child would use that term to refer to horse.
In a skill-training program, it is helpful for the coordinator to know the following information about the participants:
Informed consent is permission for operation or treatment or agreement by a patient to undergo an operation or medical treatment or take part in a clinical trial. The main element that should be included is that the individual actual can comprehend t..
Prepare a PowerPoint presentation, 8-10 slides with speaker's notes, exploring the social and clinical issues facing the elderly population, along with common human service intervention strategies.
What is your opinion of these arguments? Do you believe the legal education system encourages people to pursue careers in Cause Lawyering? Please support your opinion with at least one outside source.
Mike, the move on college student within anthropology, obtained the summer time give to review tribal existence within the Amazon . com Water container.
Can a religion exist without a belief in the direct relevance of God or gods? If so, how would this kind of religion differ from one in which the deity is important?
The effective leader resembles an orchestra conductor in many ways.
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