Reference no: EM133455602
Chapter 17 (Blood)
What are the three types of formed elements found in blood. What are the general functions of each?
What is hemoglobin and why is it important?
What is hemostasis and why is it considered a "protective" function of blood?
What is the normal pH of blood and what can happen if the pH is too high or low?
What is a blood type? Which blood types are considered the universal donor or universal recipient? What can occur if an incompatible blood type is transfused in a patient?
Chapter 14 (ANS)
What are the major functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS?
What is dual innervation and how does it relate to regulation of organ systems.
Think about other organ systems. How does the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS affect the function of that system? For example, the parasympathetic division will lower heart rate and blood pressure, while the sympathetic division will increase heart rate and contractility of the heart, as well as causing vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure.
Chapter 18 and Chapter 19 (The Heart and Blood Pressure)
Know the structure of the heart, including: chambers, valves, layers of heart wall, great vessels, separations (interatrial and interventricular septum).
Understand the flow of blood through the heart. Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs? Which side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body?
What is the pulmonary versus the systemic circuit?
What are the two types of heart muscle cells? What is different about their function?
How does the heart act as a functional syncytium and what structures within the heart regulates the heart rhythm? (intrinsic cardiac conduction system, pacemaker potentials of autorhythmic cells, long refractory periods of contractile cells)
What is the formula for cardiac output? Define each term. How can cardiac output be increased or decreased? Why would cardiac output increase or decrease in response to our activity?
What is blood pressure? Why is maintaining a blood pressure within normal range (not too high or too low) important?
What blood vessels carry oxygenated blood in adult circulation? What blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood in adult circulation? Remember to think about pulmonary and systemic circulations.
What vessels are considered "exchange vessels", have very thin walls, and are not considered arteries or veins? How does their structure reflect their function?
What is the process that leads to the short-term (moment-to-moment) control of blood pressure? Hint - this process is stimulated by a drop in blood pressure sensed by baroreceptors in the carotid sinus.
What is peripheral resistance and how does peripheral resistance relate to blood pressure?
Chapter 22 (Respiratory System)
Know the anatomical structures that allow air to enter and leave the lungs.
How are the left and right lungs similar and how are they different?
Understand how ventilation occurs and relate it to lung volume and pressures (atmospheric and intrapulmonary). What is Boyle's Law?
Understand the importance of the pleural membranes and cavities in ventilation and prevention of lung collapse.
Know which areas of the lungs are part of the respiratory zone and allow for gas exchange.
What cells are present in the walls of alveoli and what are the functions of these cells?
Know what areas of the respiratory system are required for speech.
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
How does the level of carbon dioxide in the blood lead to changes in ventilation rate?
Identify the muscles used in quiet breathing as compared to forced inhalation and forced exhalation.
How to conditions like asthma and bronchitis affect our airways? How could this lead to difficulty in ventilation and breathing?
What is the difference between compliance and elasticity of the lung? How do these functions support ventilation?
Chapter 25 (Urinary System)
State the general functions of the kidney and the urinary system. Know the organs, general function of each organ, and if the organ is paired.
Understand the regions of the kidney and what structures are located in each region. For example, the renal pyramids are located in the medulla and nephrons are located in the cortex.
What are the urine collecting structures in the kidney, starting with the minor calyces and ending with the ureter?
What are the three basic renal functions? Provide a basic definition for each function.
Know that the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. What are four main regions of the nephron (renal corpuscle, PCT, nephron loop, DCT)? Know the associated blood vessels as well (afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, vasa recta/peritubular capillaries)
What is the function of the nephron loop in a juxtamedullary nephron? How does this relate to the formation of concentrated or dilute urine?
How does the RAAS/RAAM system maintain long-term control of blood volume and blood pressure? What hormone is secreted when the juxtaglomerular apparatus detects low NaCl in filtrate?
How does the presence of antidiuretic hormone affect the concentration and volume of urine when we are dehydrated?
How do the kidneys support the respiratory system in regulating acid base balance in the blood?
Describe the normal composition of urine. What substances should not be found in urine and what could the substances presence mean? For example, glucose in the urine could indicate an individual has diabetes mellitus.
What is micturition? Understand that micturition involves both contraction and relaxation of muscle.