Reference no: EM131176740

Secondly, the implications of such omissions can be grave when they become the context for a standard of development. A nation with a highly developed consumption economy and high income inequality, systemic human rights violations against women, high concentrations of wealth and high incidence of long-term incarceration would be considered a world leader and encouraged to continue developing in the same vein. A nation with a subsistence agricultural economy and a highly egalitarian society, on the other hand, would be considered ‘underdeveloped' and pressured to adapt its mode of production to a more market-based, consumption-dependent economy. In this way,

GDP increases when convivial reciprocity is replaced by anonymous market relations and when rising crime, pollution, catastrophes, or health hazards trigger defensive or repair expenditures. (Fleurbaey, 2009)