Reference no: EM13916360
1. Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of uniformitarianism?
- All rocks are created in a continuous, uninterrupted and gradual sequence.
- Older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata.
- Earth's topography has been shaped by sudden, catastrophic events.
- Physical, chemical and biological processes operate today as they have in the past
2. A _____________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.
- hypothesis
- generalization
- law
- theory
3. __________ rocks always originate at the surface of the Earth.
- Secondary
- Igneous
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
4. In correct order from the center outward, Earth's layers include:
- core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust
- inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
- inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
- core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
5. Which of the following statements is not correct?
- Metamorphic rocks form from a magma.
- Sedimentary rocks may weather to form other sedimentary rocks.
- Magmas crystallize to form igneous rocks.
- Igneous rocks can undergo metamorphism.
6. The composition of the mantle of Earth is thought to be _____.
- basalt
- solid iron-nickel alloy
- peridotite
- gabbro
7. The ________ is the thinnest layer of Earth.
- outer core
- mantle
- crust
- asthenosphere
8. The relatively stable interior portion of a continent is known as a _____.
- craton
- platform
- shelf
- belt
9. Active mountain belts are most likely to be found _____.
- in the interior of continents
- along the northern margins of continents
- randomly scattered throughout continents
- along the margins of continents
10. I see crossbedding forming in the dunes of the modern world's deserts. I find crossbedding in the rocks of Zion National Park and I decide that those rocks formed in a large dune field. I have used the Principle of _______________ to make that decision.
- Catastrophism
- Uniformitarianism
- Superposition
- Paradigms
11. The Earth is _______ years old.
- 4.5 million
- 10 billion
- 4.5 billion
- 5,000
12. Oceanic crust is __________ continental crust.
- less dense than
- denser than
- about the same density as
- of more variable density than
13. Water does not classify as a mineral because it _____.
- is liquid
- does not have a defined chemical composition
- is never molten
- is found in plants
14. Which of the following would not be a crystal?
- broken chunk of quartz
- six-sided ruby
- granite
- cube of halite
15. On the Mohs Scale of Hardness, the softest mineral is
- gypsum
- talc
- diamond
- diatomite
16. Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
- Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
- Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
- Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
- Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
17. Which of the following describes a mineral's tendency to split along smooth, parallel planes of atomic weakness?
- diaphaneity
- cleavage
- tenacity
- fracture
18. Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?
- They contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters.
- They are black to dark-green and contain iron and magnesium.
- They are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the element calcium and magnesium.
- They contain magnetite and hematite and are rusty red.
19. Which one of the following is an abundant product of weathering?
- amphiboles
- feldspars
- clays
- halite
20. Granite is an example of a/an ______________ igneous rock.
- phaneritic
- vesicular
- aphanitic
- foliated
21. A magma cools for a long time beneath the Earth's surface and then flows in a volcanic eruption. A ______________ igneous rock will result.
- schistose
- polymorphic
- porphyritic
- composite
22. The intrusive rock ________ has the same chemical composition and mineralogy as the extrusive rock ____________.
- granite, rhyolite
- basalt, gabbro
- andesite, diorite
- pumice, obsidian
23. A rock that will float in water is
- obsidian
- gneiss
- tuff
- pumice
24. If the oceanic crust of the Earth cracks, the rocks below may _____.
- melt due to decompression
- shrink in volume
- instantly explode due to exposure
- not change in consistency
25. The presence of water causes _____.
- slowing of crystallization
- rocks to melt at lower temperatures
- porphyritic textures
- raising of rocks' melting temperatures
26. Bowen's Reaction Series indicates that amphibole and an intermediate composition plagioclase feldspar crystallize earlier from a cooling magma, while quartz and potassium feldspar crystallize later. If an igneous rock containing these four minerals is heated to a temperature at which melting begins, _____.
- all four minerals will melt at the same temperature
- the amphibole and plagioclase feldspar will start melting before the other minerals
- the quartz and potassium feldspar will start melting before the other minerals
- amphibole and quartz will melt first, then the feldspars
27. The incorporation of host rock into a magma is called _____.
- migmatism
- assimilation
- magmatic differentiation
- starving
28. Magmas that produce stratovolcanoes are _____.
- high in silica and viscous
- high in silica and fluid
- low in silica and viscous
- low in silica and fluid
29. The Hawaiian Islands are a chain of _____.
- stratovolcanoes
- lava domes
- shield volcanoes
- fissure flows
30. An igneous intrusion that resembles the filling in a layer cake is called a _____.
- sill
- dike
- stock
- batholiths