Reference no: EM133263753

Using the textbook (chapter 13, 15, and 16 - it is in the link) answer the following questions. Add page numbers in the reponses where you got the answer from.

The book is called Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience

That's how you can access the book

Chapter 13: Human Communication

1. What is lateralization? Which hemisphere is dominant for speech? Is the dominance affected by which hand is dominant?
2. Define and contrast "content word" and "function word". Give examples of each.
3. Name and define the three major speech deficits produced by lesions in and around Broca's area. If an individual has damage that is limited to Broca's area, is the individual likely or unlikely to be diagnosed with Broca's aphasia?
4. Explain the difference between recognizing a word a comprehending a word. Which brain area is associated with the comprehension of a spoken word?
5. In general terms, what is a mirror neuron? Describe a theoretical mirror neuron that is related to speech.
6. Compare and contrast transcortical sensory aphasia and conduction aphasia? The attributes of transcortical sensory aphasia forms part of the support for the hypothesis that two pathways connect which speech-related areas and serve what functions?
7. Averbia is associated with injury to the frontal lobe. Define averbia and make the reasonable explanation for why verbs are likely to be represented in the frontal lobe than in another lobe.
8. Define prosody and give an example in which an ambiguous statement becomes unambiguous due to prosody. The example should include a single sentence with two different meanings produced by a change in prosody. Describe the different prosody that goes with each meaning.
9. Describe the symptoms of pure alexia. Does the symptomology of pure alexia suggest that mirror neurons for linking reading and writing behavior are important or not? Explain your answer.
10. What are whole-word reading and phonetic reading? What is it called when someone has a deficit in whole-word reading? What is it called when someone has a deficit in phonetic reading?
11. Identical twins are separated at birth with one of them going to live in Italy and another living in Kentucky. The twin in Kentucky is diagnosed as having developmental dyslexia. Is the Italian twin likely to have developmental dyslexia? Are the behavioral symptoms likely to be more severe, less severe or the same as the Kentucky twin?
12. What are the likely symptoms of someone who suffers from a stroke in the 1) fusiform area of the right hemisphere or 2) fusiform area of the left hemisphere.
13. A musician who sings the National Anthem in a stadium is likely to have some difficulty because she hears her own voice over the speaker system after a brief delay (like an echo). This delay would actually help an individual with what problem? What does this suggest about the nature of the problem?
14. Relate the symptoms of phonological dyslexia and phonological dysgraphia to whole-word and phonetic reading and writing.

Chapter 15: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders

1. An autistic individual doesn't suffer from inward psychological problems, but outward psychological problems. What are the symptoms of autism? How does the fusiform face area of an adult with autism respond to a face?
2. What is the primary treatment for ADHD and how does it work? Describe the gender difference diagnosis in childhood and adulthood.
3. What is the effect of dopamine on functioning of the prefrontal cortex? Plot this relationship and be sure to label the axes of the plot. Hint: It is hypothesized that dopamine levels have a similar relationship to ADHD.
4. The adrenal gland can be broken into two parts. What are these two parts? One part is influenced by a gland and the other is influenced by a branch of the nervous system. Name the gland and nervous system branch and clearly indicate which part of the adrenal gland receives input from the gland. What substance(s) do these two parts of the adrenal gland secrete?
5. Name three effects of glucocorticoids and how they are good responses to stress in the short-term, but detrimental to health over the long-term.
6. If your schedule for final exams has all of your finals on Monday, December 11th, when are you most likely to start showing cold symptoms? What hormones directly suppress the immune system?
7. What are two physical elements of physical dependence? Define both of them.
8. What neurotransmitter must be released in order for a drug to be addictive? Where is the neurotransmitter released? Are all drugs that trigger this release addictive?
9. Describe addiction in terms of operant conditioning.
10. What are the two features of cocaine that make it intensely addictive?
11. What legal drug produces both positive and negative reinforcement? What are the two reinforcements? Which is dopamine associated with?
12. Methadone is commonly used to treat heroin, but it could also be an addictive drug. How is the addictive power of methadone kept from arising when used for treatment? Why doesn't methadone produce a high under these circumstances?
13. What is the treatment for nicotine addiction that is analogous to the methadone treatment for heroin addiction? What is the most effective treatment for nicotine addiction?
14. Describe the roles of both genetics and environment on both the likelihood to try a drug and the likelihood to become addicted to the drug.
15. Someone who has been smoking a lot of marijuana may have a difficult time keeping a train of thought. What brain structure is likely to be behind this problem? What kind of receptors does it have in large concentrations?

Chapter 16: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

1. List and describe three positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
2. List and describe three negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
3. Why do we think that schizophrenia is heritable? The genetics of schizophrenia is confusing. Give two ways that the genetic link to schizophrenia might be complicated.
4. Which neurotransmitter has been strongly linked to schizophrenia? The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are reduced by drugs that antagonize what? Name one drug that produces positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
5. What are two gross brain anomalies associated with schizophrenia?
6. Name two environmental factors that are linked to the seasonality effect in schizophrenia.
7. At approximately what age does cortical tissue loss occur for schizophrenics? Do non-schizophrenic folks lose tissue at this approximate age?
8. List the two most common major affective disorders. In your description, include the time-course of the symptoms. Are the symptoms episodic or sustained? Roughly, how long do they last?
9. Provide one direct piece of evidence supporting the hypothesis that there is a genetic component to affective disorders.
10. What is ECT? Why is the speech-dominant hemisphere avoided?
11. Describe three types of drugs used to treat unipolar depression. Describe their pharmacological effects at the level of the terminal button.
12. Schizophrenia is linked to one neurotransmitter and major depressive disorder is linked to a class of neurotransmitter. Which neurotransmitters are associated with these two diseases? Is the illness hypothesized to be due to a deficiency or a surplus of the neurotransmitter?
13. What is the brain structure that is important for positive reinforcement during learning because it is active when the animal/person feels good? It is also a target for combating major depressive disorder. What type of procedure utilizes it for treatment?
14. Clomipramine has been used to treat trichotillomania, onychophagia and acral lick dermatitis. What other major anxiety disorder has been treated with this drug? The success of this drug across such a broad range of different compulsive behaviors supports the position that what neurotransmitter is generally associated with obsessive behaviors?
15. Define "partial agonist". Explain how it acts as an agonist in some settings and as an antagonist in other settings.