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A femtosecond laser generated light pulses with a duration of only 100 fs (ie 1.00 · 10-13s). With an ordinary lens, such a laser beam focused down to a spot with a diameter of 10 μm. A typical energy of a laser pulse from such lasers is 1 mJ. Suppose that energy is uniformly distributed over the laser spot, and the effect is constant during the pulse (a square pulse).
1.Find the intensity of the laser focus.
2. Find the amplitude, Emax, of the electric field in focus.
3. Compare this amplitude with the size of the electric field acting on an electron around the nucleus of a hydrogen atom in ground state (Hint: the distance between nucleus and electron is given by the size a0 = 5.29 · 10-11m) What does the comparison of the laser's effect on the atom
4. The laser light at a wavelength of 800 nm. Calculate how many oscillations the electromagnetic field undergoes during the pulse duration. Do you think that the frequency of such a laser will be more or less clearly defined than it is for a more traditional laser, such as a helium-neon laser?
A tangent section of highway has a -1.0% grade and ends at station 0+1450and elevation 25m. It must be connected to another section of highway that has a -1% grade and that begins at station 1+345 and elevation 40m.
What will the freeway's density and level of service be before and after the ban? (Assume that the trucks are removed and all other traffic attributes are unchanged)
The settlement of a laboratory 10-cm thick consolidation specimen is 5 mm in 1 hour with a coefficient of consolidation of 0.005cm2/s. What will be the total settlement
The following wind conditions are expected: V = 10 i - 5 j mph for 0 10 hr. Draw to scale the expected streakline of the stream for t = 3, 10, and 15 hr.
In the construction management, there is a lot of procurement route that are necessary and suitable for the construction industry.
The volume flow rate of streams into the pipe is given by QA = 0.02t m 3 /s and that of stream B by QB = 0.008t 2 m 3 /s, where t is in seconds. The exit area of the pipe is 0.01m 2 . Find velocity and acceleration of the flow at exit at t = 1s.
the 15,000 kg boxcar A is coasting freely at 1.5 m/s on the horizontal track when it encounters a tank car B having a mass of 12,000 kg and coasting at 0.75 m/s toward it. If the cars meet and couple together
design a concrete (n = 0.013) channel that will convey 50,000 GPM. It is to be a trapezoidal in cross section with a bottom width of 7.5 feet. The side slopes are to be 1.33:1 (H:V) and it is desired to have the depth of flow constant at 2.0 feet.
A fine-bubble aeration basin has a flow of 21.5 mgd, an influent BOD of 180 mg/l, 31 mg/l of mmonia, and effluent of 10 mg/l. During the winter, the wastewater temperature of 14.8 degrees C does not nitrify.
for what flowrate through the Venturi meter will cavitation begin if p1=275 kPa gage, atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa (abs) and the vapor pressure is 3,6 kPa (abs)
A two stage crushing operation feeds 0.6 m diameter ore into a primary crusher at a rate of 25mt/hr. 80% of the ore feeds through an 0.2m screen into a secondary crusher. 65% of the ore from the secondary crusher comes out of a 50mm screen.
explain in your words the procedure of the Gauss-Newton method used to control some parameter (z) to meet some expected performance (y) using controllable parameters (A,B)
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