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UDP and TCP use 16-bit 1s complement arithmetic to compute checksums. In this problem we investigate why. For simplicity we will work with 4-bit words. Let x = 1101, y = 1011, and z = 0110.(a) Reason 1: Incremental Update. Typically, after every hop at least one packet header field (e.g., a packet's time-to-live field) needs to be overwritten. Because the checksum is a simple complement of a 1s complement sum, it turns out that when, for instance, a packet's header x is updated to y, rather than recomputing the checksum from scratch, it su?ces to simply add x+y to the original checksum to compute the update. Suppose that packet [ x | z ] is updated to packet [ y | z ]. Verify, for the x, y, and z given above, that checksum{[ y | z ]} = checksum{[ x | z ]} + x + y,where "+" denotes 1s complement addition and y denotes the y complement.
(b) Reason 2: Endian Independence. Little endian computers store numbers with the least significant byte first (Intel processors for example). Big endian computers put the most significant byte first (IBM mainframes for example). It turns out, once again, that because the checksum is a simple complement of a 1s complement sum the checksum computation is endian independent (this is not true if 1s complement arithmetic is not used). Partition x and z as x = x1 x2 = 11 01 and z = z1 z2 = 01 10. Verify that checksum{[x1 x2|z1 z2]} = c1 c2 if and only if checksum{[x2 x1|z2 z1]} = c2 c1.
In a balanced three-phase wye-wye system, the load impedance is 10+j10 ohm. The source has phase sequence abc and the line voltage Vab= 220
When fed from a signal source with a peak amplitude of 0.1v and a source resistance of 20k , the peak amplitude v(pi)is 5mv. specify Re and bias current Ic. The BJT has beta =100. If the total resistance in the collector is 5 k,
Determine the gain K so that the phase margin is 45 degrees. For the gain K selected in part (a), determine the gain margin. Predict the bandwidth of the closed-loop system.
suppose we use a 32-bit unsigned fixed-point representation with the binary point to the left of the most-significant bit of the 32-bit number. (We'll have a range of 0 - almost 1.) What is the resolution of this representation
Nanowire with square cross-section: Starting with the time-independent Schrodinger equation: (a) use separation of variables to obtain three ordinary differential equations (ODEs) (b) solve the ODEs and obtain the solution that satisfies the boundary..
Consider the transformer to deliver its rated kilovoltamperes at 0.80 power factor lagging to a load on the low-voltage side with 240 V across the load. Find the highside terminal voltage.
With the multi function gate: F = X'AB + YA'B + X'AB + YAB' 1. Can this gate be used as an inverter If yes, how 2. Will the change in the number of inputs or outputs affect the number of operation select lines Explain.
150 kVA, 2400/240 V single-phase transformer has the parameters. (a) Determine the equivalent circuit referred to the high-voltage side. (b) Find the primary voltage and voltage regulation when transformer is operating
The discussion must address phase angle relationships of current and voltage. The answer must include the effect of source frequency on the voltage drolps across the resistor and the inductor at very loave and very high frequency values.
A transformer is used to match an 8 ohm speaker to a 500ohm audio line. What is the turns ratio of the transformer what is the input voltage and output voltage when 15W is being delivered to the speaker
The low-voltage winding of a transformer has 200 turns, and the high-voltage coil has 11,000 turns. The transformer is operated as a step-down transformer, and 13.2KVolts is impressed on the primary side.
A separately excited DC generator rated at 125V has an armature resistance of 0.75 ohms and a no load coltage of 140 VDC. What will the armature voltage will be at rated load
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