Reference no: EM133209131

Case: Read the article below and answer the questions that follow: Western-led globalisation might end, but the new globalisation might have an Eastern face Deglobalisation, which is a retreat from Western-designed globalisation, did not begin during the pandemic or during the Russian war on Ukraine. An article written by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge for Bloomberg on March 24 sounded the alarm to announce the end of "the second great age of globalisation". The Western trade war and sanctions against China that predated the pandemic have now been joined by the stiff Western sanctions imposed against Russia after it invaded Ukraine. These sanctions are like an iron curtain being built by the United States and its allies around Eurasia. But according to Micklethwait and Wooldridge, this iron curtain will not only descend around China and Russia but will also have farreaching consequences around the world. Australia and many countries in Asia, including India and Japan - which are otherwise reliable allies of the US - are unwilling to break their economic and political ties with China and Russia. The 38 countries that did not vote at the United Nations General Assembly meeting on March 24 to condemn Russia's war in Ukraine included China and India; both of these countries "account for the majority of the world's population", Micklethwait and Wooldridge observe in their Bloomberg article. If the world bifurcates, "the second great age of globalisation ... [will come] to a catastrophic close," the article states. In 2000, Micklethwait and Wooldridge published the manual on this wave of globalisation called A Future Perfect: The Challenge and Promise of Globalization.

That book cheered on the liberalisation of trade and finance, although its authors acknowledged that in this free-market society that they championed, "businesspeople are the most obvious beneficiaries". The inequalities generated by globalisation would be lessened, they suggested, by the greater choices afforded to the consumers (although, as social inequality increased during the 2000s, consumers simply did not have the money to exercise their choices). When Micklethwait and Wooldridge wrote A Future Perfect, they both worked for The Economist, which has been one of the cheerleaders of Western-shaped globalisation. Both Micklethwait and Wooldridge are now at Bloomberg, another significant voice of the business elites. In an article for the International Monetary Fund, Kenneth Rogoff, a professor at Harvard University, warns of the risk of deglobalisation. Such an unravelling, he notes, "would surely be a huge negative shock for the world economy". Rogoff, like Micklethwait and Wooldridge, uses the word

"catastrophic" to describe the effect of deglobalisation. Unlike Micklethwait and Wooldridge, however, Rogoff's article seems to imply that deglobalisation is the production of Russia's war on Ukraine and that it could be "temporary." Russia, he states, "looks set to be isolated for an extended period". In his article, Rogoff does not delve very much into concerns about what this means to the people in many parts of the world (such as Central Asia and Europe). "The real hit to globalisation," he worries, "will happen if trade between advanced economies and China also drops." If that happens, then deglobalisation would not be temporary since countries such as China and Russia will seek other pathways for trade and development. Longer Histories None of these writers acknowledges in these recent articles that deglobalisation, which is a retreat from Western-designed globalisation, did not begin during the pandemic or during the Russian war on Ukraine. This process has its origins in the Great Recession of 2007-2009. With the faltering of the Western economies, both China and Russia, as well as other major economic powers, began to seek alternative ways to globalise. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which was announced in 2013, is a signal of this gradual shift, with China developing its own linkages first in Central and South Asia and then beyond Asia and toward Africa, Europe and Latin America. It is telling that the St Petersburg International Economic Forum, a backwater event founded in 1997, has become a meeting place for Asian and European business and political leaders who see this meeting as much more significant than the World Economic Forum annual meeting held in Davos, Switzerland. In the aftermath of the Great Recession, countries such as China began to de-dollarise their currency reserves.

They moved from a largely dollar-based reserve to one that was more diversified. It is this move toward diversification that led to the drop in the dollar's share in global currency reserves from 70% in 2000 to 59% in 2020. According to author Tony Norfield, the share of dollars in Russian foreign exchange reserves was 23.6% in 2019 and dropped to 10.9% by 2021. Deprived of dollars because of the sanctions imposed by the West, the Central Bank of Russia has attempted various manoeuvres to de-dollarise its currency reserves as well, including by anchoring the rouble to gold, by preventing the outward flow of dollars and by demanding that its buyers of fuel and food pay in roubles rather than in dollars. As the United States widens its net to sanction more and more countries, these countries - such as China and Russia - seek to build up trade mechanisms that are not reliant upon Western institutions anymore. Deglobalisation leads to a different globalisation On January 1, 2022, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) - the world's largest free trade pact - went into effect. Two years ago, 15 countries met virtually in Hanoi, Vietnam, to sign this treaty. These countries include close allies of the United States, such as

Australia, Japan and South Korea, as well as countries that face US sanctions, such as China and Myanmar. A third of humanity is included in RCEP, which accounts for a third of global GDP. The Asian Development Bank is hopeful that RCEP will provide relief to countries struggling to emerge from the negative economic impact of the pandemic. Blocs such as RCEP and projects like the BRI are not antithetical to the internationalisation of trade and development. Economists at the HKUST Business School in Hong Kong show that the BRI "significantly increases bilateral trade flows between BRI countries". China's purchases from BRI countries have increased, although much of this is in the realm of energy and minerals rather than in high-value goods; exports from China to the BRI countries, on the other hand, remain steady. The Asian Development Bank estimates that the BRI project would require $1.7-trillion annually for infrastructural development in Asia, including climate-related investments. The pandemic has certainly stalled the progress of the BRI project, with debt problems affecting a range of countries because of lower than capacity use of their BRI-funded infrastructure. The economic and political crises in Pakistan and Sri Lanka are partly related to the global slowdown of trade. These countries are integral to the BRI project. Rising food and fuel prices due to the war in Ukraine will further complicate matters for countries in the Global South. The appetite in many parts of the world has already increased for an alternative to Western-shaped globalisation, but this does not necessarily mean deglobalisation. It could mean a globalisation platform that no longer has its epicentre located in Washington or Brussels.

Question 1: Critically discuss the possible consequences of the aforementioned deglobalisation and the subsequent "eastern" globalisation.

Question 2: Explain what is meant by de-dollarisation and motivate why countries would adopt dedollarisation as mentioned in the article above.