Reference no: EM132284347
Questions -
1) Describe one graph for each of the following simulations:
a) One graph for Drift. Use a figure legend to explain what the figure shows.
b) One graph for Natural Selection. Use a figure legend to explain what the figure shows
c) One graph for Mutation. Use a figure legend to explain what the figure shows
d) One graph for Combined Effects for drift-selection-mutation. Use a figure legend to explain what the figure shows.
Whenever relevant, use academic sources to answer and complete this assessment, and cite and reference all sources using Harvard referencing system.
1) Explain the effect of lactose and of the potential inducers, and the function of β-galactosidase on this strain of E. coli. In your answer, you need to fully explain the Lac operon and the induction process.
The strain of E.coli used was K12. The function of β-galactosidase is that it catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose and converts the sugar into glucose and galactose(Nivetha and Mohanasrinivasan,2017).
The effect of the cleaving of lactose by using this enzyme is that it will now have an operon ( a functioning unit of genomic DNA that contains a group of genes controlled by a single promoter) ('The Lac Operon Explained', 2014).This operon will now encode the three lactose - metabolizing enzymes(LacZ,lacy and lacA) that are found in E.coli calling themselves the lac operon.(12.1: The lac Operon, 2016).
For the E.coli to be as efficient as possible, , two conditions are must be met; availability of lactose and the unavailability of glucose for the lac operon to be expressed (The lac operon, 2019).
2) Briefly discuss what you think is the function of the polytene chromosomes in insect larvae.
1) For each enzyme used, how many restriction fragments do you observe and what are their sizes? Do your results match with the published (known) data for the restriction enzymes?
2) Consider a population in which one child in 400 is affected by sickle-cell anaemia. Let S be the normal allele for the beta-globin chain of haemoglobin, and s be the allele for the mutated beta-globin chain (hence s is the allele responsible for sickle-cell anaemia when the genotype is ss). We assume that S and s are the only alleles for this gene so that p + q = 1:
a. Use the HW equation to estimate the relative frequency of allele s (q) in that population.
b. Use the HW equation to estimate the relative frequency of the normal allele (p) in that population.
c. Use the HW equation to estimate the relative frequency (2pq) of heterozygotes (genotype Ss) in that population.
d. Use the HW equation to estimate the relative frequency (p2) of normal homozygotes (genotypes SS) in that population
e. When q = 0.05, what is the expected percentage (%) of the total matings in the population that would involve two heterozygotes (Ss)?
3) Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder that affects 1 in 10,000 births in the USA. This is now known because new-borns are tested for PKU. PKU is a recessive inherited disease (recessive homozygotes develop the condition, heterozygotes do not), which if left untreated it can result in mental retardation and other problems. Symptoms can be lessened with a phenylalanine-free diet.
a. Assuming HW conditions, estimate the percentage (%) of the US population carrying the allele for this inherited disease. The carriers are heterozygotes who have the recessive allele, but do not show signs of the disorder (show no symptoms).
b. Discuss how this value may differ from the actual (real) population of carriers for PKU?
4) Suppose there is a population at risk of an infectious degenerative disease that manifests itself only in the homozygote recessive genotype (aa). In this population, 16 people have genotype AA, 92 have genotype Aa and 12 have genotype aa. Use the HW equation to determine whether this population appears to be evolving.
Attachment:- Assignment File.rar