Reference no: EM133302391

Assignment:

Please answer all these questions below:

[Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure] & [Capillaries and Bulk Flow Across Capillary Walls]

Questions:

1. Describe the flow rate equation, and explain the 2 variables that affect flow.

2. Explain bulk flow and understand the driving force for bulk flow.

3. Describe the pressure gradient that drives blood flow for the systemic circuit. What variable is it equal to?

4. Describe the pressure gradient that drives blood flow for the pulmonary circuit.

5. Describe the main way resistance is regulated in the cardiovascular system.

6. What is total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

7. Explain the bulk flow equation for the systemic circulation.

8. Understand the basic anatomy of blood vessels and the key differences between arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins, and the flow of blood through the different parts of the vasculature.

9. What functions are arteries specialized for?

10. Explain what is meant by "pressure reservoir". Explain the importance of this for blood flow through the vasculature.

11. Understand how the low compliance of arteries allows them to be pressure reservoirs.

12. Explain systolic pressure and diastolic pressure and how these are used to calculate pulse pressure and estimate MAP.

13. Explain how blood pressure is measured, including the significance of the Korotkoff sounds.

14. Explain the two main functions of arterioles in the vasculature. What is their main structure and how does this regulate blood flow and TPR?

15. Describe arteriolar tone and how it is regulated.

16. Describe how vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arteriole smooth muscle affect resistance and blood flow to organs/tissues.

17. Understand the purpose of intrinsic control over arteriolar resistance and the purpose of extrinsic control over arteriolar resistance.

18. Explain the intrinsic/local control over blood flow distribution to organs. Briefly explain the equation for organ blood flow.

19. Explain how organ blood flow responds to changes in metabolic activity.

20. Explain how organ blood flow responds to changes in blood flow.

21. Compare/contrast active hyperemia and reactive hyperemia.

22. Explain how organ blood flow responds to stretching of the arteriolar smooth muscle.

23. Explain the myogenic response and what is meant by "flow autoregulation". Include how stretch-sensitive fibers react to changes in perfusion pressure.

24. Know how organ blood flow responds to various local chemical messengers.

25. Explain the importance of extrinsic regulation of arteriole radius.

26. Explain vascular tone and its significance.

27. Describe the sympathetic control over arteriolar radius, including the NT, receptor, and basic signal transduction mechanism.

28. Explain the receptors in arteriolar smooth muscle of skeletal and cardiac muscle and how these respond to epinephrine binding.

29. Explain how epinephrine affects arteriolar smooth muscle in low vs. high concentrations. Understand its dominant effect at high concentrations and how cardiac and smooth muscle are affected in the fight-or-flight response.

30. Briefly explain why the parasympathetic division does not regulate TPR.

31. Explain the hormonal control of arteriolar resistance (How do angiotensin II and vasopressin (ADH) act to affect MAP?)

32. Explain the basic characteristics of capillaries and what occurs in capillary beds.

33. Explain how blood flow into capillary beds is regulated by both metarterioles and precapillary sphincters.

34. Understand the 3 capillary types and where they are used in the body.

35. Describe the 3 ways materials can move across capillary walls.

36. Explain the importance of bulk flow across capillary walls. How does bulk flow affect ECF?

37. Understand the difference between filtration and absorption.

38. Explain the 4 starling forces across capillary walls. Understand what contributes to each, how each affects bulk flow, and their general values in a "normal" capillary bed.

39. Understand net filtration pressure and what a positive NFP vs. negative NFP means.

40. Understand how NFP is calculated for a capillary bed, and how it differs at the arteriole end vs. venule end.

41. Explain the significance of the lymphatic system and how it relates to the NFP at capillary beds.

42. Understand how various changes to the Starling forces will impact NFP and which may contribute to edema.

43. What functions are veins specialized for?

44. Explain what is meant by "volume reservoir" and its significance for increases in activity.

45. Understand how the high compliance of veins allows them to be volume reservoirs.

46. Explain venous pressure and how it affects venous return.

47. Explain how increases in venous pressure lead to increased MAP.

48. Describe the 4 factors that influence venous pressure.

49. Understand specifically how important blood volume is to MAP.

50. Understand how the sympathetic division influences venomotor tone and how this affects venous compliance.

51. Know the NT, receptor, and basic signal transduction mechanism involved.

52. Explain the 3 factors that determine MAP.

53. What systems exert extrinsic control over MAP (for short term regulation)?

54. Explain how arterial baroreceptors communicate changes in MAP to the cardiovascular control center.

55. Explain all the events of the baroreceptor reflex.

56. Explain the role of the cardiovascular control center, where it is located, and all of the input it receives.

57. Understand the hormonal control of MAP and how it exerts long-term control.

58. Briefly describe the atrial stretch reflex.

59. Describe hypertension and its effects on the body.

60. Understand the various mechanisms of action of the antihypertensive drugs discussed (understand how those classes of drugs act to lower blood pressure).

61. Describe hypotension and why there are many mechanisms that counteract it.

62. Describe what happens in circulatory shock.