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Ms. MC is a 59 yo woman with long history of smoking 1 - 1.5 packs/day (20+ years) but is no longer smoking. She notices that she fatigues quickly, is often short of breath, coughs frequently and has ankle swelling. She has trouble sleeping but noted some improvement with extra pillows. You note an increase in anteroposterior chest diameter, prolonged expiratory phase with wheezing. She also has cyanosis of nailbeds with moderate pitting edema bilaterally. Lab tests reveal Hgb is high normal, PaO2 is low at 48 mmHg, O2 saturation is at 80%, PCO2 is significantly elevated (70 mmHg) and HCO3- is also elevated above normal (35 mEq/L). Your diagnosis is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema (COPD). Pulmonary function tests revealed a decrease in Vital Capacity and Expiratory Flow Rate combined with an increase in both Residual Capacity and Functional Residual Capacity. These types of tests could also reveal other conditions, such as asthma, as well as guide treatment to prevent significant attacks.
What is a V/Q ratio and how has it changed in Ms. MC's case?
2). What changes occurred in her airways that led to obstruction and increased airway resistance? (Hint: View it in two parts: 1) the airway changes and 2) the alveolar tissue changes relating to elasticity and compliance).
2) What changes occurred in the airways & how the alveoli changed in terms of compliance/elasticity?
What effect of a drop in pH on oxygen binding to hemoglobin?
It is a very curcial concept to understand how the immune response is mounted against viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminthes. For an effective immune response, both innate and adaptive immunity should work together.
This Project report elaborates a critical review of important elements attached to Advanced Glycated End Products (AGEs). It is very crucial to understand the process called Millard reaction.
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and control the shrink-swell properties.
This assignment has three parts which contains questions related to Microbiology. It contains basic principles of microscopy, staining techniques in microbiology and microbial growth in the food industry.
Lipid metabolites are often seen as key elements in cellular signaling. Is this unique? Please provide several examples of the function of lipids as key elements in signal arrays and list the biologic functions these signals affect?
Please describe how one might search for chemical structure, biologic function relationships, involving small molecular weight lipophylic compounds. Provide one example.
Write a case study which detailing a scenario of a patient being investigated in the Haematology laboratory.
The use of PCR and genetic approaches in biotechnology
Glucose oxidase is an enzyme that can be used for measurements of glucose levels by combining this reaction with an oxygen probe.
What phenotypic ratio would you get if you crossed a white mouse and a heterozygous brown mouse?
Prepare an essay on nosocomial infection.
To increase the awareness of monitoring and recording the blood pressure of patients and practice measuring blood pressure in a safe environment.
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