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Learning Materials
COGNITIVE AND SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
A Couple of Notes on Piaget:
Take note of terms used to discuss Piaget''s ideas in the text. Piaget''s concept of egocentrism does not mean selfishness or thinking that one is wonderful and superior to others.
It instead has to do with cognitive development: it is reflective of the limited, self-centered thinking; it is the inability to see things except from one''s own point of view typical of preoperational thinkers (2-7 yrs). The egocentric child is unable to distinguish their own perspective from that of others (so....since I love cake, everybody must love cake!). Sociodramatic play (pretending to be someone else) helps children move beyond this kind of thinking.
Brain Development, Attachment & Erikson:
A child is born with all the neurons their body will ever have (about 100 billion)-however, the pattern of wiring (synaptic connections) between these cells is an unfinished product. Many of these synaptic connections are largely determined by early emotional and sensory experiences. Basically, experiences = creation of connections in the brain (and this remains true throughout our lives-experiences = new neural connections). This is not limited to motor or cognitive development and skills, but to emotional and personality development as well.
Early experiences with caregivers and environment impact the regions of the brain responsible for the regulation of emotions, affect & empathy. So, experiences can either create (strengthen) or eliminate (via neurological pruning) connections related to these characteristics depending on the quality of care and environment.
Erikson's theory echoes this neurological reality, arguing that the 1st psychosocial challenge in life is learning to trust (positive resolution)-or not. When balance of care is both sympathetic and loving, basic trust is achieved. This trust is housed psychosocially, and is wired neurologically. Positive or negative resolution of this stage impacts future psychosocial functioning.
Positive resolution of Erikson's 1st stage is linked to the ‘attachment' process-the strong affectionate bond we feel to others. Secure attachment allows children to work from a secure psychological base when in their parent's absence. Attachment creates an internal working model; a set of expectations about the availability and sensitivity of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support in times of stress. Attachment problems impact all domains of development. Attachment has implications that span the lifespan.
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Read: Kail & Cavanaugh text Chapters 4 & 5
Read: Choose to read at least 1 for Article Review assignment/discussion
*Wright, Karen. 1997. "Babies, Bonds and Brains" Discover. Sept. 30.
*Yong, Ed. 2019. "Young Trans Children Know Who They Are)" The Atlantic. Jan. 15.
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