Reference no: EM133241019

1. Provide two reasons why someone working in the health field would want to know the distribution of an exposure and provide two reasons why a person working in the health field would want to know the distribution of an outcome.

2. I have spoken about "exposures" and "outcomes". These are very important concepts in epidemiology. You will be thinking about these throughout the entire course and beyond. Sometimes things are not as clear-cut as we would like them to be. There are quite a few conditions or characteristics that can be both an exposure and an outcome.

Provide an example of one of these conditions and explain how it could function as an exposure and how it could function as an outcome.

3. Give an example of the following from the statistics presented on the webpage at the following link: GCHD COVID-19

A statistic on person ->

A statistic on place ->

A statistic on time ->

4. In 2015, 17,987 new cases of hepatitis C were reported in the United States. The 2015 midyear population was estimated to be 290,809,777. Calculate the cumulative incidence (per 1,000 population) of hepatitis C in the United States during 2015. (hints: you will use the midyear population of the USA as the total population, also, assume everyone is at risk for Hepatitis C)

5. Would you use incidence or prevalence to measure each of the following:

a) The percentage of girls who become pregnant over the course of high school.

b) The percentage of boys who are fathers at their high school graduation.

c) The number of live-born babies who die of SIDS during the first year of their life.

d) The percentage of infants weighing less than 2500 grams at birth in Michigan in 2020.

6. On the first day of the week there were 10 students in a class of 90 that had colds and did not come to school that day. By the end of the week an additional 30 students came down with colds.

a) What was the prevalence of colds in the class on the first day of the week?

b) What was the incidence of colds in this class for the week?

7. One must have triglyceride levels of under 150 mg/dL to be considered having triglycerides in the normal range. Suppose epidemiologists found that a better cutoff point would be less than 140 mg/dL and the IOM changed the definition of normal triglycerides to that level starting
01/01/2022. How would the prevalence of normal triglycerides change from 12/31/2021 to 01/01/2022?

8. Suppose you study a group of 463 people. When you begin your study, you find that 43 of these people have hypertension. You then give the remaining people in this group a diet and exercise program to follow for 3 years. After the three years have passed, you measure blood pressure in this group. You also determine whether or not they followed the diet and exercise program you gave them. You find that 110 people followed the program and, of these, 15 developed hypertension. 90 of those who did not follow the program developed hypertension.
Please answer the following:

a) What was the prevalence (per 10,000) of hypertension at baseline?

b) What was the 3-year cumulative incidence (per 10,000) in the overall group?

c) What was the 3-year incidence proportion (per 10,000) in the group that did not follow the program?

d) What does the measure you found in part c mean?

9. Describe the difference between prevalence and incidence and give one reason to use each for which the other cannot be used.