Reference no: EM133308510
Discussion 1.
Screenings and diagnostic tests initially differ based on their intended users and whether they're symptomatic or not. Screening tests are intended for asymptomatic (showing no or disguised symptoms) people, whereas diagnostic tests are intended for those showing symptoms in need of a diagnosis. Screening tests and diagnostic tests would be labeled as secondary prevention. An example of a screening test would be a mammogram or cholesterol level. An example of a diagnostic test would be a colonoscopy or CT scan. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure which is whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions. Validity is the accuracy of a measure or whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure. Reliability test could be if you measure a cup of flour five times, and you get the same result each time, that result is reliable. Validity test would be if the standard weight for a cup of soup is 20 grams, and you measure a cup of soup, it should be 20 grams. The prognosis is a prediction of the course of a disease following its onset referring to the possible outcomes of a disease. Prognostic factors can be any of several types, including: demographics, behavioral, disease-specific, and co-morbid. The best way to avoid selection bias is to use randomization. Randomizing selection of beneficiaries into treatment and control groups, for example, ensures that the two groups are comparable in terms of observable and unobservant characteristics.
Discussion 2.
Screening tests help in evaluating a person's risk of developing a disease on genetic makeup, whereas, diagnostic tests identify the genetic abnormality. Screening and diagnosis fall under primary prevention. This is because these tests are done for suspected or affected populations by intervening in health effects occurring before it is an actual health condition. For example, during Covid-19, all the suspected cases of the pandemic population were advised to undergo RT-PCR tests for the detection of the virus.
Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something: Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions). Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).
A prognosis is an accurate prediction as to how the disease will progress and how a patient will recuperate. A malignancy prognosis, for example, is determined by a number of factors, including the type of disease and its stage. The sample of an original conception cohort, where service users have a comparable prognostic danger, the inclusion of relevant predictive factors in collecting and analyzing data, enough length of following considered with regards to the outcome measures, and the proportion of patients are some of the critical factors when trying to assess prognosis experiments.