Reference no: EM132990093

Question 1.

What best describes the focus of Metagenomics?

The study of all sequences derived from environmental samples.

The study of identifiable sequences derived from environmental samples.

The study of the metabolome.

Next generation sequencing of mixed genomic samples.

Question 2.

Which of the following represents a metagenomics sequencing target? In other words, what would yield a "metagenomics result"

Sequencing of a cultured fungi originally obtained from soil

Next-gen sequencing of an algae species isolated from sea water

Sequencing directly a sample of gut contents.

Sequencing a multiplex mixture of patient samples.

Question 3.

What best describes the focus of Epigenetics?

Study of the empigenome, with particular focus on gene expression control.

Study of genetic factors related to DNA sequence changes, such as conversion of C to T with bisulfite

Study of transmissible genetic factors directly related to DNA base sequence.

Study of transmissible genetic factors not directly related to DNA base sequence.

Question 4.

Which of these are epigenetic mechanisms?

Methylation of cytosines, acetylation of histones, and changes of genomic bases from C to T.

Methylation of cytosines in CpG motifs and acetylation of histones.

Methylation of cytosines followed by bisulfite treatment.

None of the above

Question 5.

How does bisulfite sequencing work in terms of differentiating cystosine from methyl-cytosine (i.e. "methylated" C) ?

Methyl cystosine is unchanged (appears as C) if it occurs in CpG motifs or so-called "CpG" islands.

Methyl cystosine is unchanged (appears as C) while normal (non-methylated) cytosine is converted to uracil (appears as T)

Methyl cystosine is transformed to uracil (appears as T) while normal (non-methylated) cytosine remains intact (appears as C)

None of the above

Question 6.

First generation sequencing uses Sanger chain termination chemistry and size separation readout. Next-generation sequencing technologies use sequencing-by-synthesis and more or less direct read out of base incorporation in (massively) parallel formats.

What currently best distinguishes so-called "next next" or third-generation sequencing?

Primarily scale of the reactions, so sequencing should be orders of magnitude more efficient.

Full length, virtually error-free reads.

Ultra fast readout, bypassing image processing and base calling requirements.

Direct readout from individual DNA molecules, potentially avoiding amplification steps.

Question 7.

Describe how organizing sequences via a clustering algorithm could speed up subsequent bioinformatics analysis as described in the assigned reading; Guesses and general ideas are fine.

Question 8.

What was the Human Microbiome Project and how might this impact use of sequencing in medicine?