Describe the pulmonary and systemic circulations

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Reference no: EM133604359

Assignment:

1) Describe the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

2) What components determine blood pressure?

3) Systole vs Diastole.

4) What components determine cardiac output?

5) Preload vs afterload.

6) Understand Frank-Starling law.

7) Understand the two main neurohormonal systems that affect BP (Sympathetic/parasympathetic and RAAS)

8) Understand the role of natriuretic peptides and their response to the Frank-Starling principle.

9) Where are the main baroreceptors located?

10) What is the baroreceptor reflex?

11) What is the definition of orthostatic hypotension?

12) What is normal blood pressure?

13) What are the classifications of hypertension?

14) Name conditions that may cause a widening or narrowing of pulse pressure.

15) List risk factors for primary and secondary hypertension.

16) Blood pressure staging.

17) What is white coat hypertension and what can be done for patients who experience it?

18) Modifiable vs non-modifiable risk factors for HTN.

19) Name the main target organs affected with chronic hypertension. Which ones are caused by damage to microcirculation and which ones are due to damage to macrocirculation?

20) What does the DASH diet consist of?

21) What is vasospastic (Prinzmetal) angina?

22) Define gestational hypertension.

23) What is pre-eclampsia?

24) What is eclampsia?

25) What is HELLP syndrome?

26) How can heart failure be classified?

27) Where does fluid accumulate with left-sided vs right-sided HF?

28) What are the 2 main causes of heart failure?

29) What is ejection fraction?

30) Below what percentage of ejection faction is considered HFrEF?

31) What is ventricular remodeling?

32) Which natriuretic peptide is monitored in the detection of heart failure or exacerbation of existing heart failure?

33) Name 5 symptoms/signs of left-sided heart failure.

34) List 5 symptoms/signs of right-sided heart failure.

35) How are patients instructed to monitor their weight when fluid retention is suspected?

36) What type of weight changes are considered abnormal and need close monitoring?

37) Define hypertension (HTN) and list factors that may contribute to primary (essential) and secondary HTN.

38) Discuss the underlying pathophysiology of HTN and related clinical manifestations.

39) Compare and contrast atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis.

40) Describe the development of atherosclerosis within vessels.

41) Explain risk factors that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.

42) Discuss the risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease.

43) Explain the difference between stable and unstable angina.

44) Describe possible causes of myocardial ischemia.

45) Distinguish between myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction.

46) Describe the pathophysiological process of a myocardial infarction.

47) Explain the role of the following tools and laboratory tests in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction:

a) HDL

b) LDL

c) Triglycerides

d) Cardiac enzymes:

i) CK-MB

ii) Troponin iii) myoglobin

e) Electrocardiography

f) Exercise Stress Test

g) Coronary angiography

48) Discuss Prinzmetal (variant) angina and silent ischemia.

Reference no: EM133604359

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