Reference no: EM133463717

Assignment

Case Study: A Grumpy Old Man by Sheri L. Boyce

I. Ernest's abnormal blood calcium levels indicate there may be a problem with a particular endocrine gland. Which gland is the doctor likely concerned about? Where is it located?

II. Calcium is crucial for the proper function of a number of body systems, so blood levels must be tightly controlled. Predict the three body systems that are most affected by abnormal calcium.

III. What is PTH? What is its function and how does it carry out that function?

IV. The following questions pertain to the regulation of calcium levels in the blood.

i. Use your text or websites to find the normal range of blood (serum) calcium in adults (express your answer in mg/dL).

ii. Are Ernest's calcium levels of 11.8 mg/dL and 11.3 mg/dL too high (a condition known as hypercalcemia) or too low (hypocalcemia)?

iii. Based on Ernest's calcium levels, draw and explain a homeostatic feedback loop that shows what should normally happen between calcium levels, the PTH-secreting gland, and PTH levels.

iv. Assume that Ernest's PTH-secreting gland is not functioning as it should. Based on your answer regarding his calcium levels in part (ii), predict whether his PTH levels are likely to be increased or decreased. Explain your answer (include a feedback loop).

v. Suppose the patient in the adjacent ER bed had a calcium level of 10.1 mg/dL and normal gland function. How would her PTH level compare to Ernest's? Explain your answer.

vi. What might you conclude if Ernest's PTH levels are within normal limits (not too high and not too low)? Explain your answer.

V. Given your answer to question IV(iv), research the typical signs and symptoms you might observe in a patient who has PTH levels like Ernest. Which of these does he exhibit? Predict how the abnormal gland activity could be related to his signs and symptoms.

VI. If the doctor's suspicions are correct, what is the most common method of treating Ernest's condition? What are the potential risks or side effects?

1) Describe the parathyroid glands in terms of their location and the hormone secreted.
2) Describe the physiological actions of parathyroid hormone.
3) Understand the control of parathyroid hormone secretion via negative feedback.
4) Explain the physiology underlying the signs and symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism.