Reference no: EM133454976

Questions:

Part 1

1. What were the contributions of LeClerc, Hutton, and Lyell to the development of evolutionary thought?

2. Describe the differences between the geological theories of uniformitarianism and catastrophism. Which one supports the idea of evolution?

3. Who were the two naturalists who independently developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?

4. Describe Darwin's travels that allowed him to develop his theory. What ship did he travel on? How long was his journey? What are some of the places he visited? Where were his key observations made?

5. What two geographic locations did Wallace visit that allowed him to develop his version of the theory?

6. In what year were the papers from Darwin and Wallace presented and where were they presented?

7. Describe how the theory of Lamarckian evolution is different from natural selection.

8. Describe the mechanism of natural selection. What are the three major points that form the basis of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

9. Describe how Wallace's ideas of natural selection and biogeography are even used today to study biology (review the virus story we discussed in lecture

Part 2

1. Define the discipline of paleontology. How is it different from archeology, anthropology, and geology?

2. Review the geological timescale. How long ago is it believed that the earth first formed? What is the name of the period when invertebrates, such as trilobites, first appeared on earth?

3. What are some of the highlights in the life of Charles Doolittle Walcott? What was the name of the quarry where he first began finding fossilized trilobites and gathered an impressive collection that he sold to Harvard University?

4. In 1879 what new government agency did he begin working for? Where was he sent to carry out a major geological and paleontological survey?

5. What are stromatolites and what important discovery did Walcott make on his 1879 expedition in the western United States?

6. What two important US agencies or institutions did Walcott eventually lead?

7. Where is the Burgess shale found and what important discovery did Walcott make there? Describe some of fossils that Walcott discovered in the Burgess Shale (Big Bang).

8. How did the discovery of the Burgess Shale change our thinking about events in the Cambrian and Pre-Cambrian eras

Part 3

1. What university did Lynn Margulis attend? What is the name of the fellow student (and later famous astronomer) that she met there and later married?

2. What organism did she first work with while undertaking her graduate work at the University of Wisconsin?

3. What was the name of the famous cytologists who inspired her interest in the idea of symbiosis?

4. Define the biological term symbiosis and explain the three types of symbiotic relationships seen in the animal world.

5. Briefly describe the experiment she performed at the Univ. of Wisconsin that showed the presence of DNA scattered in the cytoplasm.

6. What two new fossil discoveries inspired her to continue her work on endosymbiosis while working as an instructor at Brandeis University?

7. Briefly explain her endosymbiotic theory on the origin of eukaryotes.

8. What three lines of cytological evidence did her theory rely upon?

9. How many journals reject her manuscript? When and where was her manuscript published?

10. What discoveries in the mid-1970's provided additional support for her theory?

11. What award did she receive in 2000?

12. What is Neo-Darwinism and why was she in conflict with this group of biologists

Part 4

1. When approximately is life believe to have appeared on earth? What were the primary gasses in this early earth atmosphere?

2. Where on earth were these early forms of life believed to have first appeared?

3. Who was Tom Brock and when and where did he travel to with his graduate student? What was the purpose of their summer trip?

4. What was the name of the unique bacteria he collected from Mushroom spring? What type o0f spring was it? How did this bacterium he isolate change the field of biotechnology?

5. Why was the classification and understanding of bacterial evolution not well understood before the 1970's?

6. Who was Carl Woese and what was his educational and professional background. What famous molecular biologist was he friends with?

7. How did he propose solving the problem of bacterial genealogy? Describe the technique he followed to determine the sequence of RNA.

8. Describe three key findings of his analysis. What did he discover when he compared the 16S rRNA of Euglena gracilis to the 16S rRNA of bacteria?

9. What were the three divisions of life before the work of Woese?

10. To understand the evolutionary origins of bacteria what type of anaerobic bacteria did he investigate? What was its scientific name

11. What key findings did he discover after completing aRNA fingerprint of this anaerobic bacterium?

12. What did he initially call this new form of bacterial life, and what is it called today?

13. What are the three reasons scientists were slow to recognize his work?

14. What are the current three domains of life?

15. From an evolutionary perspective which domain are the Archeae most similar too?