Reference no: EM132582463
1. (a) Describe the characteristics of primates. (b) What is the relationship of Neanderthals to Homo-Sapiens?
2. Contrast monotremes marsupials, and eutherians in terms of how they bear young. Provide an example for each.
3. (a) Explain why lungs work better than gills in air? (b) What selection pressure would bring about the evolution of bird's highly efficient lungs? (c) How do mammals breathe differently from birds?
4. (a) Trace and explain the Cardiac Cycle of the Mammalian Heart. How is the Heart Rate controlled? (b) Diagram the path of Blood Flow through the heart, Lungs and body of a fish and of a Mammal or Bird.
5. (a)Draw a Mammalian Nephron, Label and describe the primary function of each part, and show the direction of water and electrolytes in each part. (b)Explain how the loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient from the cortex to the medulla. (c)Describe the role of ADH in the regulation of urine concentration.
6. Suppose that two different organs, such as the liver and heart are sensitive to a particular hormone (such as epinephrine).The cells in both organs have identical receptors for the hormone, and hormone-receptor binding produces the same intracellular second in both organs. However, the hormone produces different effects in the two organs. Explain how this can happen.
7. Many physiological parameters, such as blood Ca2+ concentration and blood glucose levels, are controlled by two hormones that have opposite effects. What is the advantage of achieving regulation in this manner instead of by using a single hormone that changes the parameters only in one direction?
8. (a)Trace the changes that occur during the Action potential along a Neuronal cell. (b)Why is an Action only conducted in a forward direction? (c) How can only positive ions result in depolarization and repolarization of the membrane during an action potential? (d) Explain the effects of addictive drugs on the nervous system.
9. (a) List the three categories of vertebrate sensory receptors. (b) Explain how mechanoreceptors detect touch. (d) Why is it important to detect stretching of muscles?
10. The function of the vertebrate eye is unusual compared with other processes found within the body. For example, the direction in which sensory information flows is actually opposite to the path that light takes through the retina. Explain the sequence of events involved in the movement of light and information through the structures of the eye and explain why they move in opposite directions. Compare this sequence to the functioning of the Mollusk eye.