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A project is underway to develop a vaccine against mouse hepatitis virus, a pathogen of mice. The vaccine consists of capsid protein of the virus, which is injected subcutaneously as a depot in alum on day 0. At days 5 and 14, the group of six mice is bled and the serum is tested for the presence of antibodies against the viral capsid protein. Separate assays are done for each of the immunoglobulin classes, IgM, IgG and IgA. The amounts, expressed in ?g/ml of antibody, are shown in the figure below. When the data is analysed it appears that two of the animals (asterisks) have high titres of antibody particularly IgG and IgA, at both days 5 and 14. a) Why do the titres of IgG antibodies increase more rapidly between days 5 and 14 than do IgM antibodies, in all animals? b) Propose an explanation for the high titres of IgG antibodies in the two animals indicated at day 5. Can this explanation also account for the relatively high levels of IgA antibodies also seen in these mice? (Note: Mouse hepatitis virus infections can be common in animal houses) The spleens from mice taken at day 14 are used to produce B cell hybridomas making monoclonal antibodies against the viral protein. Of the clones produced, 15 produced IgG, three produce IgM and none produced IgA. c) Why do you suppose there are no IgA-producing clones, despite the good IgA response ? d) You want a high-affinity antibody for use in an assay. Which of the clones you have produced are likely to be of higher affinity? e) Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.
define What would the genotypes and phenotypes. Follow an X-linked recessive mutation from a cross between a heterozygous female and a wild-type male.
An electron transport system (ETS) of an organism contains all of the following components, Ubiquinone Manganese reductase Menaquinone NADH dehydrogenase
The F1 generation, which resulted from cross between the two lines, has a mean of 135kg and a variance of 16kg. What is the broad sense heritability (H2) for milk yield in this population.
Use the pKa of p-nitrophenyl (7.0) and the henderson hasselbalch equation to correct the concentration, since at pH 7.8 not all of the product is in the colored, visible form. Use 18,380 M^-1cm^-1 for the extinction coefficient.
Create a family tree for at least three generations of your family a freiends family, or a famous family follow the genetic traits.
Determine the independent variable in the corn experiment? What was the dependent variable in the corn experiment?
Explain physiological changes that occur in three different organ systems when food is ingested and how these systems coordinated a response in the human body.
The least amount of carbon dioxide from burning of fossil fuels. Toms father suffers a stroke that leaves him partially paralyzed on his right side. What type of glial cell would you expect to find in increased numbers in the area of the brain that i..
Along with phenylpyruvic acid, ammonia is manufactured as a result of phenylalanine deamination. Could you think of a way in which the production of ammonia could be used as an indication of a postiive reaction?
A cross is made in a haploid strain of Neurospora of genotype nic + ad and another haploid strain of nic ad + . From the cross, a total of 1000 linear asci are isolated and characterized as in the following table.
Determine the proportion of the various phenotypes (blood type and ability to secrete) in matings between individuals who are blood type AB and type O, both of whom are Se/se.
In a population you count 30 red plants, 50 pink plants, and 20 white plants. What are the allele frequencies of the CR and CW alleles in this population.
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