Reference no: EM133237392

Questions

1. "The overall trends in population change are explained by the demographic transition model (see Dyson, 2010), which uses fertility and mortality rates to identify four core stages. In the first - and pre-industrial - stages, both rates are high, because problems such as disease and famine encourage people to have more children in order to ensure that as many as possible survive into adulthood."

2. "Fertility and mortality rates offset each other to result in a stable or slowly growing population. In the second stage, as we saw during the industrial revolution, a combination of improved health care, food supply, and living conditions leads to a decline in mortality rates"

3. "Fertility rates continue to be high because of a combination of social expectations and slowness to respond to the changing quality of life. In Europe and North America, more children were surviving beyond infancy during this stage but often continued to be seen as essential parts of the labor force on farms and in cities. As a result, the population began to grow rapidly."

4. "Most have seen their character changed by the arrival of visitors from all over the world; some doing business, some looking for work, and some just observing as tourists. Many such cities have become homogenized along the way, losing some of their history and personality, even to the extent that they sometimes look the same as one another. Few have gone as far as Dubai, the capital of the emirate of the same name, which is part of the United Arab Emirates."

5. "Population changes are intimately linked to the consumption of natural resources, raising one key and fundamental question: do we have enough food, clean water, clean air, energy, minerals, and land to meet the needs of a growing global population? The answer varies from one resource to another, and from one part of the world to another, according to a combination of political, economic, and natural Circumstances. In summary, resources are not always available in the right form, in the right place, and at the right time, and the problems created by imbalances in supply and demand have been compounded by poor management and a failure always to keep up with changing needs."

6. "Most decisions on private and public goods are taken by governments, businesses, and consumers, helped along by market forces. Together, these determine how much 1s are made or built or grown, and where, and at what price it is made available. Decisions on most such goods are approached from a national perspective, with a tendency to exploit them as deeply and as profitably as possible, without much sense of a global approach designed to ensure their wise management and continued availability"

7. Hardin used the example of a pasture available for the use of all cattle farmers in a locality. As long as the numbers of cattle were controlled, all was well. However, if one of the farmers decided to add one more cow to their herd, calculating that they could increase their profits at the expense of the other farmers, the problems would start: there would be too many cattle in the pasture.

8. "Good supply is Los (at the supply end of the food chain) and waste (at the consumption end of the chain). In several wealthier countries, as much as 40 percent of the food that people buy to eat in restaurants or at home might be thrown away, while the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that about one-third of all the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year; this amounts to 175kg (385 pounds) per person (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2019"

9. "We all need energy to cook food, provide heat and cooling, fuel our transport systems, and generate the electricity that provides lighting and that powers the appliances that most people (in the North at least, and in the urban areas of the South) take for granted, including computers, mobile phones, refrigerators, ovens, microwaves, and televisions. Despite its obvious importance, though, we have taken a haphazard approach to extracting, managing, and using energy, with the result that we have dug ourselves into something of a global energy hole"