Reference no: EM133469555

"Extreme-right violence and terrorism have a long and painful history in many countries, including mass killings such as the bomb attack on the train station in Bologna in 1980 and the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995. However, the general pattern of violence and terrorism from the extreme right has, until recently, been characterised by relatively frequent incidents with a low number of fatalities. Being overshadowed by large-scale, high-casualty Jihadi terrorism during the last two decades, extreme right terrorism has been low on the security agenda. However, even small-scale (but frequent) attacks by extreme-right activists have, for instance, killed several hundred migrants in Russia between 2006 and 2010. In the United States since 9/11, more people have been killed by right-wing extremists than by Islamist extremists. Furthermore, the 22 July 2011 attacks in Norway and the mosque attacks in Christchurch, New Zealand, on 15 March 2019 demonstrated that lone actors inspired by extreme-right views are willing and able to kill large numbers of people. These incidents of mass murder are no longer exceptional cases but appear to have set a novel standard for a new generation of extreme right terrorists" (Bjørgo et al., 2019).

Source: ICCT Policy Brief, 2019; and Threat Assessment Report 2019, Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)

Define cyberterrorism, cite relevant examples in public terrorism and examine the root causes of cyberterrorism in late modernity.