Reference no: EM131909258

Assignment Worksheet

As you read this required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.

Part I: Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.

1. Revolutionary France

a. Burdened by debt from the Seven Years' War and French support for the American Revolution, King            needed to raise taxes, so he agreed to convene the            , which met in 1789 at Versailles. Led by the            -those outside the aristocracy or church-        a new                    was declared on June 17, 1789. Its members swore, in the Tennis Court Oath, to create a new                    for France.

b. Nervous about the new National Constituent Assembly, the king gathered troops near Versailles and            in early July of 1789. The citizens of            , anxious about the royal troops, formed a militia and, on July 14, 1789, stormed the fortress of the city, the           , earning a position in the French Revolution for             -class people.

c. Following the events of July 14, 1789, workers in many French cities formed militias, and peasants rose up in the countryside in a movement called the                . To confront these threats, aristocrats and clergy in the National Constituent Assembly surrendered many of their privileges on August   , 1789, establishing the same and equal laws for all French citizens. The National Constituent Assembly went on to issue the Declaration             on August 27, 1789. The king hesitated to ratify either of these decisions.

d. Worried that the king might suppress the revolution and demanding more                    , the         of Paris marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789, and returned with the royal family, who moved to the palace of the             in the city, where popular pressure could be maintained.

e. In 1790, the National Constituent Assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the         , which declared government control over the Church in France. They demanded that priests and bishops swear to support the Civil Constitution and declared those who refused to take the oath were               and prohibited them from conducting religious ceremonies. These actions convinced the           , in February of 1791, to denounce the Civil Constitution and the           . The National Constituent Assembly replaced the traditional provinces with                             , founded uniform courts, and established the           system of measurement.

f. The Constitution of 1791, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly, established a constitutional                  that limited many people, including all women, from voting. The new Legislative Assembly declared war on                in 1792. The war initially went poorly, and revolutionaries grew more radical. On August 10, 1792, the people of Paris invaded the palace, forcing the king and queen to flee to the                                  , which held them comfortably but did not allow them any political power.

g. During the second revolution, the new radical government of Paris, the               executed hundreds of criminals, calling them counterrevolutionaries, during the                  Massacres. This government forced the Legislative Assembly to call the                   , charged with writing a democratic constitution. Its first action was to declare France a               and to abolish the monarchy. The                     was led by a group of Jacobins called the               , allied with the                     , workers, shopkeepers, and artisans of Paris who sought economic fairness and adequate food. In December 1792, the former king, Citizen              , was tried, and he was executed on January 21, 1793. The following month, France declared war on Great Britain and Spain, and a royalist revolution began in the               of western France. The working government proclaimed a new calendar, established a fully democratic                             ­­              on June 22, 1793, and attempted to eliminate the             faith from their new Republic of Virtue.

h. During the Reign of Terror, great power was centralized in the Committee                       ,         and                             took control of this committee in 1793 and 1794. The committee was quick to                        those identified as enemies of the Republic. Tens of thousands of French people met this fate, until members of the Convention, worried that they would be identified as                  , had                  executed on July 28, 1794. Subsequently,                     in the                       Reaction, the system of the Reign of Terror was eliminated, Jacobins who participated were forced out of public life, and the Constitution of the            established a bicameral legislature and an executive body called the               .

2. Russia Under Catherine the Great

a. Soon after Tsar                 took power in 1745, he was removed from power in a coup and murdered, and his wife, a                princess, was proclaimed Empress Catherine II.

b. Catherine II earned the title "the Great" by continuing her predecessors' push for expansion to secure                         , defending Russian presence on the Baltic and waging war             against                                                  , which resulted in Russian access to the Black and Mediterranean seas. In the First Partition of                 , Russia acquired a large portion of that country.

3. Austria Under Joseph II

a. Joseph II was the son of                     and ruled alongside her between 1765 and 1780. He sought to expand imperial power and refused to be crowned king of                 , confiscating the Crown of Saint Stephen.

b. Joseph II instituted broad social reforms, including the abolishment of the legal status of                  and gave peasants freedom to marry, engage in work, and have their children trained without the permission of their                  .

4. The Enlightenment in Britain

a. The Kingdom of Great Britain emerged as the preeminent colonial empire at the end                 of the                        , in which Robert Clive captured the city of                     and the rest of Bengal, and British troops seized Spanish and French colonies like Quebec, Manila, and islands in the                    Sea.

b.                       ruled as the king of Great Britain from 1760 to 1820. His practice of taxation to pay for large standing armies was decried as tyranny by the Whigs known as the                  .

5. The United States of America

a. Whig-influenced resentment of the British and of King                            increased due to the collection of               , Parliament's decision to award the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to              , and the killing of five colonists in what was called the Boston               . In 1774, Parliament passed laws that American colonists called the                         Acts, which restricted liberties that colonists had enjoyed and allowing troops to be housed in private homes.

b. Citizens critical of Britain convened the First and Second                          Congresses in 1774 and 1775, seeking reconciliation with Britain and self-rule in the colonies. On July 4, 1776, they adopted the                               .

c. The War of the American Revolution began with escalating violence between the British and the colonists, and it expanded in 1778 when Benjamin Franklin convinced the                to help the colonies. Troops of the new United States, led by General                    , defeated the British forces of Lord Cornwallis in 1781, leading to the 1783 Treaty of             , which concluded the war.

d. In 1787, the United States of America held a Constitutional                 , and the new Constitution was adopted in 1788. Americans insisted on amending the Constitution with a specific Bill of               , which guaranteed civil liberties.

6. Revolutionary Latin America

a. In 1794, slaves in what is now Haiti rebelled against Creole slaveholders under the leadership of                          and Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The new country of Haiti finally achieved its independence from                   in 1804.

b. Whites born in the Americas, known as                  , led revolutions against Spain. These revolutions were motivated by several factors: Spain sought to raise money through confiscation and taxation to pay for its involvement in the Napoleonic Wars; the Creole elite were influenced by the ideas of the                               ; and Napoleon conquered                 , replacing the king and threatening the traditional social order.

c. In 1810, the Río de la Plata-today's                -declared independence from Spain and sought to liberate Paraguay and Uruguay. The leader of these forces,                    , occupied the Chilean capital in 1817 and confirmed the leadership of                       as supreme dictator of Chile. In 1820, the forces of the Río de la Plata continued north to liberate Peru.

d. The leader of the independence movement in New Granada,                   , began his republican revolution in Caracas in 1810, but was forced into exile in the ensuing civil war. With the assistance of                , his forces first conquered                , and reclaimed Caracas by 1821.

e. In July 1822, the two great leaders of South American revolutions joined together to liberate                   in what is now Ecuador.

f. In 1811, New Spain faced an uprising of 80,000 Black and mestizo workers who marched on                    under the leadership of Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. The conservative forces that defeated this and later peasant insurrections were threatened by the liberal Spanish constitution                                  accepted in 1820, and, under the leadership of the first emperor,                     , declared Mexico's independence.

g. Rio de Janeiro became the seat of the                        government in 1807, and Brazil was elevated to the status of a kingdom, rather than a colony, in 1815. Joao VI returned to Lisbon in 1820, and his son,                , who had been left in control of Brazil, declared independence and became emperor of Brazil.

Part II: Cultural Contributions

Complete the following matrix with at least one element for each category.