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Why do microbes use fermentation? What occurs during fermentation?
1. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.?1. How do antibiotics work? Why do they kill pathogens without harming us?2. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. How does the membrane work to prevent/allow molecules to move in and out of cells? Define in your own words: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.3. Name and sketch the three common morphologies of microbial cells.4. What is peptidoglycan? Describe the pieces that make-up peptidoglycan. Describe and sketch the structure of peptidoglycan. [THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT!]5. Sketch and describe the structure of a gram positive cell wall and a gram negative cell wall. Contrast the two. [NOTE: This is one of the most important concepts in microbiology that we will never be done with during this semester. LEARN IT NOW! This will also definitely be on your exam...]6. Describe Mycobacterium with Mycolic acid.7. What is a glycocalyx? What are the two types?8. One prokaryotic feature not mentioned in the text is called fimbriae. Fimbriae are short protein, hair-like projections that help bacteria attach to surfaces. Sometimes these are called pili but fimbriae is a newer, more precise term for this structure.9. Another prokaryotic feature not mentioned in the text is a pilus. A pilus allows one bacterium to connect to another bacterium and exchange DNA in a process called conjugation. This allows bacteria to acquire genes from other bacteria.10. Read page 294 (old and new book) about biofilms. Biofilms are made by bacteria with fimbriae that secrete a glycocalyx. Describe one place you can find a biofilm.11. What three parts compose a prokaryotic flagellum? What is the purpose?12. What is taxis? Describe negative chemotaxis in non-scientific terms.13. Where do bacteria store their DNA? What type of DNA do bacteria have? What do bacteria use to build proteins?14. What allows bacteria to survive harsh conditions? What is this made of? How is this structure formed? Which genera of bacteria can form this structure?15. What is an organelle? Which type of cell has organelles: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?16. Name the main purpose (in just a few words) of the following Eukaryotic organelles:a. Nucleusb. Ribosomesc. Cytoskeletond. Flagella & ciliae. Mitochondriaf. Chloroplastg. Golgi bodyh. Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)i. Vesicles (including perioxisomes and lysosomes)17. What is the endosymbiotic theory? Which organelles does this apply to?18. Prokaryotes have both a glycocalyx and a cell wall. Eukaryotes like plants have a ______________ but not a _______________. Eukaryotes like animals have a _____________ but not a _____________.
A nearsighted woman (Nn) with hazel eyes (Hh) marries the man with normal vision and hazel eyes (Hh). Their three children all have blue eyes and normal vision. What is the possibility that their next child will have blue eyes and be nearsight.
Injection of double stranded RNA can lead to gene silencing by degradation of RNA molecules complementary to either strand of the dsRNA.
Assume you wish to increase fruit diameter in tomatoes, and you want to estimate heritability for this trait. You measured the diameter of tomatoes in two inbred lines.
Within the two groups define by the bone mass, smaller skeletons have bones with evidence of epiphyseal plates, but larger bones have only a thin line where the epiphyseal plates should be. Give the age group and gender of the individuals in this fin..
In most organisms, oxygen slows down glycolysis, and pyruvate is directed towards the TCA cycle rather than fermentative pathways this is called the Pasteur Effect.
Explore the role of the epigenome and/or other gene expression regulatory mechanisms in the development of cancer. Discuss in detail one possible epigenetic/post-transcriptional/post-translational target for cancer treatment, and identify the succes..
Determine which organelle found in plant cells is responsible for converting sunlight energy into the chemical energy found in sugar molecules?
liquid portion of blood is known as ______. Most of the plasma comprises of ______ that serves as a solvent and carries heat. ______ like sodium, potassium and ______ serve to manage the osmotic balance in the blood.
Cutting DNA with restriction enzyme, hybridizing the DNA with probe, electrophoresis of DNA, blotting the DNA.define the right order in which procedures are carried out.
Jennifer has the stomach flu that is going around campus and has been vomiting profusely for the past twenty-four hours. Not only has she been unable to keep down fluids or food.
Suppose you have an ETEC strain of E. coli and you noted that in a contaminated water source that there are ETEC and Shigella species.
find out in the way that RAS activity responds to extra-cellular signals? Why.
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