Reference no: EM133553392
Questions
1. What are the characteristics of power and performance sports?
Highly competitive and organized
Individual sports where athletes compete for times rather than face-to-face to score points
Loosely defined and more informal sports
Non-competitive, "conditioning" sports like weight-lifting or dance
2. To address gender inequality in sports, _________ desire greater inclusion for women within the existing structure of sports.
a) Assimilationists
b) Reformists
c) Revolutionaries
d) Both a. and b.
3. How does the media play a role in societal legitimation?
It makes people feel better about themselves and less insecure.
It prompts cynicism and helps the common person develop a desire for societal transformation.
It makes audiences more fully aware of the intersectionality of oppressions, including race ethnicity, gender, and class.
It creates an image of our society as the best of all possible worlds and communicates that message to the common person.
4. Which of the following is NOT a stereotype that researchers have observed in U.S. advertising?
White men tend to be depicted as powerful.
White women tend to be depicted as sex objects.
Ads feature the trope of the "wise, beautiful housewife"
Black women are more likely to be shown in paid employment
5. Which theory states that media play an active role in manipulating and persuading viewers that the status quo is the best, if not the only, option?
Hegemony theory
Reception theory
Reflection theory
Objectification theory
6. The saying "you throw like a girl" means:
You aren't any good at throwing a ball.
You look awkward and the ball moves slowly or falls short.
The thrower uses only the arm while the rest of the body remains still.
All of the above.
7. Research on American television gender roles show that 5 times as many men as women are likely to be shown in scientific occupations.
True
False
8. In what way are homophobia and heterosexism found in women's experience in athletics?
Lesbians frequently gravitate towards athletics, which has led to a greater concentration in athletics of homophobia and heterosexism.
Female athletic culture frequently takes on the rituals and practices of male athletic culture, including its heterocentric bias.
There is a low rate of homophobia and heterocentrism among female athletes, but female coaches and athletic administrators demonstrate both tendencies frequently.
Women athletes are often assumed to be lesbians and therefore unacceptable as real women.
9. Cooky and Dworkin observe that sex testing in sports in based on 3 flawed assumptions. Which is NOT one of them?
Sex exists as a binary
Sex segregation allows for a level playing field
Intersex athletes have an unfair advantage over women
Women will be more vulnerable to injury if they compete with men.
10. The gender gap in television-based news coverage is less noticeable during presidential elections.
True
False
11. Title IX has created more gender equity in sports, but in what area has it caused less gender equity?
Physical education instruction at the elementary level
Tennis: fewer women now play competitive tennis at the college level.
Football: fewer men now play competitive football at the college level.
Coaching and administration positions
12. A particular way of thinking about oneself and relating to others is referred to as:
Relational self-worth
Conditional self-worth
Self-actualization
None of the above
13. According to the television sports manhood formula:
Black men are voices of authority
Women are sexy props or prizes for men's successful sport performances or consumption choices.
Violence is downplayed.
Whites are backgrounded in commercials.
14. Musto observed which of the following trends among children on mixed-gender competitive swim teams.
Swimmers in the most elite group discussed their own and others' athleticism rather than gender differences during structured practice time.
Swimmers in the most elite group discussed gender differences but not gender hierarchies during unstructured time.
Swimmers in the less advanced groups discussed gender difference during structured and unstructured practice time.
All of the above are true
15. In what way have TV images of gender become worse in the past several decades?
The proportion of male characters to female
The extent to which female characters are stereotyped as hypersexual
The disproportionate increase of depictions of violence against women
The numbers of women in positions of authority
16. Beer ads not only tell men how they are supposed to act, they also inform men on how to become a man - how to achieve masculinity.
True
False
17. What is "self-objectification"?
Another term for self-love or self-esteem: when women and girls learn to feel positively toward their own bodies
When women and girls "buy" sexualized images in the media and start to behave in ways consistent with them
Another term for "narcissism," when women and girls love themselves more than they love others, because the media has taught them to do so
The idea that selfhood as it is currently structured by the media in the United States turns people into "commodity fetishes"
18. What was Beverly Guy-Sheftall referring to when she said, "it's not the whip, it's the dollar bill" that keeps women oppressed"?
Her contention that it is the capitalist system itself, rather than individuals, that is responsible for the oppression of women
A claim that women are far more likely to respond to financial incentives and intimidation than to physical threats
Her argument that hip hop music is far less racist than its detractors claim
The similarity she perceives between the nearly naked women in music videos and America's racist past, when women were paraded naked at slave auctions
19. How do social differences such as class and race ethnicity affect male experience with athletics?
They do not make a difference: these experiences have been shown to cross social class and race ethnicity lines.
Boys from more privileged backgrounds experience sports almost exclusively in terms of their immediate families, whereas black and poorer boys are brought into sports because of pressures, often negative, within the community.
Stereotypes differ: for example, black boys are perceived as being more skilled at sports than white boys.
Men from different social and class backgrounds are introduced to sports at different ages, which can drastically undercut their level of success.
20. Four problems remain in ensuring that women succeed in sports including:
Sexual harassment
Pressure to maintain low body weight
Barring women from sports because of cultural and religious constraints
Homophobia and heterosexism
All of the above
21. What does "reception theory" argue about media's effects?
That media play a conservative role in society, manipulating and persuading viewers to believe that the status quo is the best of all possible worlds, or even the only possibility
That viewers, listeners, and readers are not just passive receivers but rather engage in thinking about and giving meaning to what they take in
That each person, no matter what his or her social position or background is, interprets what the media deliver very similarly
That our ideas about issues such as gender are a combination of what the media sends and what our government tells us
22. The visibility of women compared to men has consistently remained higher on television over the decades.
True
False
23. A 2017 study found that ______ percent of recurring television characters are LGBTQ - the highest ever recorded.
1-2%
6-7%
10-12%
20%
24. Advertising in the 1930s-1980s generally depicted two types of ideal masculinity. What were they?
Loners who shirked institutional responsibility ("drifters") and rugged individualists ("cowboys")
Thrill-seekers ("daredevils") and tough, violent men who are callous about women and sex ("bad boys")
Men who prioritized family and social duty ("sturdy oaks") and men who achieve professional success ("big wheels")
Mysterious loners (the "handsome stranger" type) and strong, patriotic men (e.g. soldiers and cowboys)
25. Women comprise 47% of the U.S. labor force but only hold 34 % of all jobs in prime-time programs, and only 25% of jobs on children's shows.
True
False