Reference no: EM133280342

Questions

1. A cardinal sign of venous insufficiency is:

Increased diastolic pressure due to vascular blood pooling

Decreased systolic blood pressure due to vascular blood pooling

Increased ankle edema due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Decreased capillary refill due to compensatory vasoconstriction

2. Which of the following is NOT implicated in varicose vein formation?

Increased time in a seated or standing position without movement

Increased wall thickness of veins to withstand gravitational pressures

Deformed valves that permit blood backflow in the upright position

Increased vascular hydrostatic pressure in the legs due to gravity

3. Varicose veins are most likely to occur in the legs because:

Veins of the leg are more vulnerable to gravitational blood pooling during standing

Veins of the leg have fewer one-way valves than veins of the arms

Veins of the leg have lower hydrostatic pressure than veins of the arms

The arms receive less use than the legs in the course of the day, decreasing muscle compression of veins

4. Which of the following is true regarding the way blood travels through the vasculature?

Layers of blood traveling smoothly through the vessel can cause shear stress.

Low vibration blood flow is not very efficient.

Layers of blood traveling smoothly through the vessel increases friction between blood cells and artery lining.

Layers of blood traveling smoothly parallel to the long axis of the vessel prevents shear stress.

5. Which mechanism accounts for loss of skin turgor in hypovolemic states?

Capillary filtration and reabsorption both increase due to dilation of arterioles

Capillary filtration and reabsorption both decrease due to systemic hypotension

Capillary filtration increases and capillary reabsorption decreases due to constriction of veins

Capillary filtration decreases and capillary reabsorption increases due to constriction of arterioles

6. Which statements are true concerning the method in which substances pass between capillaries and the interstitial fluid? (Select all that apply.)

Substances pass through pores or oval windows (fenestrations).

No substances are allowed to pass across the endothelial cell membranes.

Substances pass through junctions between endothelial cells.

Substances pass through endothelial cell membranes by diffusion.

7. Which form of shock is caused by generalized vasodilation that results from massive release of histamine?

Obstructive shock

Cardiogenic

Hypovolemic

Distributive shock

8. What is(are) the major factor(s) contributing to blood pressure?

Force of ventricular contraction

Volume of blood in circulation

Muscle layer of the capillaries

Muscle layer of the arterioles

9. Arteriosclerosis in older adults is very likely to result in:

Increased systolic and decreased pulse pressure

Decreased systolic and pulse pressure

Decreased systolic and increased diastolic pressure

Increased systolic and pulse pressure

10. High concentrations of elastic tissue in the walls of the aorta and large arteries allow for which property of these vessels?

The ability to conduct smooth laminar flow at high rates

The ability to recoil and support diastolic pressure and flow

The ability to resist expansion during ventricular ejection

The ability to store 2/3 of blood volume at low pressures

11. What is the FASTEST acting regulator of vasoconstriction, particularly while changing position to standing?

Norepinephrine

Endothelin

Vasopressin

Angiotensin II

12. Which vasodilating mediator requires that endothelial cells are healthy and exposed to normal levels of shear stress from laminar blood flow?

Carbon dioxide

Nitric oxide

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Histamine

13. Which of the following is the most common site of atherosclerosis?

Abdominal aorta

Coronary arteries

Thoracic aorta

Carotid arteries

14. Which of the following is the most common site of atherosclerosis?

Abdominal aorta

Coronary arteries

Thoracic aorta

Carotid arteries

15. What pathological consequence does the healthcare professional relate to the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel?

Increased production of nitric oxide and pathological dilation of blood vessel

Bounding pulse felt on palpation

Damaged endothelium and development of atherosclerotic plaque

Cyanosis observed on exertion

16. An acute drop in blood pressure will NOT cause which of these baroreflex compensatory responses?

Increased firing of sympathetic fibers to the heart to increase cardiac output

Increased firing of sympathetic fibers to vascular smooth muscle

Increased firing of parasympathetic fibers to the heart

Increased firing of sympathetic nerves to the kidney stimulating renin release

17. A patient has leg cramping on exertion and a history of smoking and diabetes. Which of the following assessment findings is expected?

Increased dorsalis pedis pulses

Isolated increased brachial systolic pressure

Decreased ankle systolic pressure, relative to brachial systolic pressure

Decreased brachial systolic pressure, relative to ankle systolic

18. Which of the following substances mediates vascular compensation, leading to RECOVERY from systemic hypotension and hypovolemia?

Angiotensin II

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

Histamine

Nitric Oxide

19. Which of the following is a mechanism that promotes edema formation?

Decreased venous pressure

Increased use of antihistamines

Increased circulating albumin

Increased arterial pressure