Reference no: EM131231118
The combustion of ethanol goes according to the following equation:
where LHV = lower heating value, the symbol "L" designates liter.
1. Calculate the amount of CO2 produced in g per MJ of energy released (LHV). The density of ethanol at 16°C is 780 g/L. The growth of corn and conversion of the corn into ethanol produce 87 g CO2/(MJ of ethanol) from the fossil fuels required. In addition, 35 g of CO2/ (MJ of ethanol) is produced during the fermentation of corn sugar into ethanol. However, each atom of carbon in the corn sugar, and thus each atom of carbon in the CO2 released by fermentation of the sugar, originally came from an atom of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Therefore, the CO2 from the fermentation is "carbon neutral," that is, the amount of CO2 released by the fermentation is balanced by CO2 removed from the atmosphere in making the corn sugar. [Note: The same is true for the fermentation of any biomass.] Likewise, each atom of C in the CO2 produced by combustion of ethanol is also carbon neutral.
2. Calculate the total amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere per MJ (LHV) of ethanol made from corn and combusted, and the net amount of CO2 released per MJ (LHV) of ethanol made from corn and combusted. The net amount is the amount by which the production and combustion of ethanol increase the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Gasoline is a mixture of many compounds of carbon and hydrogen, but may be represented by the formula C8H16, with an LHV of 32.8 MJ/L (L = liter).
3. Calculate the CO2 emissions in g CO2/MJ (LHV) with gasoline as fuel.
4. Estimate the total CO2 emissions [g CO2/MJ (LHV)] from "well-to-wheel" by including "well-to-tank" emissions with gasoline as a fuel. The well-to-tank energy efficiency for gasoline is approximately 90% (100 × (MJ energy to tank)/ (MJ energy of petroleum "in the well")). Assume that the ratio of CO2 emissions from tank-to-wheel is also 90% of the total CO2 emissions.
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