Reference no: EM133322473
Questions
1. The flight attendant told her passengers that 90% of those passengers who reported that they had listened to the instructions of what to do in the unlikely event of a crash landing survived such a crash landing. Has the flight attendant made a thinking error?
a) No, because this is very useful information to impart to her passengers.
b) Yes, because the attendant is equivocating on the meaning of the word "survived."
c) No, by citing an exact percentage she is being precise and not showing vagueness in her description.
d) Yes, because this information is based on an inadequate comparison since people who died could not provide a report.
2. Monica was attending her introductory psychology class with 300 students in a large lecture hall. In the previous class, the instructor randomly called on people to answer questions about the chapter as a way to check whether they had done the reading. Suppose Monica has not done the assigned reading. How likely is it that she would be called on compared to if she had done the reading?
a) Just as likely if she had or had not done the reading.
b) Less likely than if she had done the reading.
c) More likely than if she had done the reading.
d) More likely than if she had not done the reading.
3. The chapter discussion on whether people are basically selfish or unselfish is divided into different sections. The sections contain evidence on each side of the question. To draw a well-reasoned conclusion from the entire passage, the critical thinker must evaluate
a) how good are the arguments and counterarguments made in the discussion.
b) the perspectives that provide different information to decide which perspective leads to the most reasonable conclusion.
c) the arguments versus non-arguments in the overall discussion and then deduce the strongest conclusion.
d) the quality and quantity of evidence supporting each side in each section and then generalize from this analysis.
4. An environmental activist said, "The ocean is becoming a cesspool where people throw their garbage, medical waste, and plastic refuse. But you can help clean it up by contributing to the 'Save Our Oceans' campaign." Which persuasive strategy is the activist using?
a) Euphemism
b) Equivocation
c) Emotive language
d) Making an inadequate comparison
5. Darley and Latane conducted research on the bystander effect and the diffusion of responsibility. The real-world implication of the study results is that if a person needs help and there are lots of people around, the person:
a) should identify one specific person from the group and ask that individual for help.
b) should expect that at least one person in the group will help, but probably more will help.
c) should ask all the people in a large group to help, not directing a plea to anyone in particular.
d) is more likely to get help than if just one or two people are available to help.
6. To impress a girl he had just met, Joel told her that he was practically finished with college. The girl thought that he was probably in his last semester. Later she learned that he was just entering his senior year. Because she had studied impediments to clear thinking and communication, she recognized that Joel was using:
a) ambiguous language
b) propaganda and self-promotion.
c) a weasel word.
d) an inadequate comparison.
7. Writing a draft of a paper is MOST related to which component of the writing process?
a) Collecting information
b) Planning
c) Reviewing and revising
d) Translating ideas into text
8. The BEST explanation of how the Hall-of-Fame baseball player Wade Boggs acquired his belief that he should eat chicken as part of his pre-game ritual is that he:
a) observed other players engaging in similar rituals and imitated their behaviors through social learning theory.
b) tried many different strategies to improve his hitting and settled on eating chicken before each game.
c) grew up in a family that believed in many superstitions and observed many superstitious rituals.
d) began to perceive that when he ate chicken, he tended to get hits, forming an illusory correlation.
9. Which occupation is more likely to include a higher proportion of people who engage in a superstitious ritual?
a) Jet fighter pilots
b) Grocery store clerks
c) Office workers
d) Carpenters
10. When clinicians are overly influenced by their preconceptions about clients and their clinical experience, they may be more likely to show which problem in clinical judgment?
a) Reification
b) Excessive forward reasoning
c) Excessive backward reasoning
d) The Barnum effect