Reference no: EM133483084

Case: Automated decision making is an important part of many robot control programs. One approach that may be used for such decision making is game theory.

a. In the context of robotics and artificial intelligence, in what sorts of situation might game theory be used?

b. The 'prisoner's dilemma' is a widely analysed game in game theory. Briefly describe how this game works. In the terms of the game, what do 'co-operate' and 'defect' mean?

c.In an imaginary reality game show, prize money of £1000 is on offer to two final players. However, they need to decide independently whether to share the money or not. The following matrix shows the pay-off, the details of which are explained to them.

Player A shares Player A doesn't share
Player B shares Both players receive £500
Player A gets £750

Player B gets £250

Player B doesn't share
Player A gets £250

Player B gets £750

Both players receive £0
Use the table to help answer the following questions.

i.If player B knows that player A will opt to share, what strategy should they take to maximise their prize money? What pay-off will each receive?
ii.If player A wanted to minimise any prize money player B receives from not opting to share, what strategy should they use? Why might this be bad for player A?
iii.Is there an argument for player B to always opt to share? If so, briefly describe it.
d.The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a well-known problem in AI and robotics.

i.What is the travelling salesman problem?

ii.An autonomous remote-sensing drone has been given the task of taking images over 15 locations and must plan a route to avoid running out of power. Treating this as a TSP with the drone starting from one of the locations, how many possible routes might the drone take? (Give your answer in scientific notation to 2 decimal places.)

iii.If the drone's on-board computer can process 500 000 000 routes per second, how long would it take it to evaluate every possible solution? Show the working used to calculate your answers. Give your answers in everyday units, for example using hours, minutes and seconds as appropriate. (Give your answer to 1 decimal place.)

iv.A proposed increase in the range of the drone would allow it to visit one additional location. How long would it now take the drone to evaluate all solutions?

e.Alex works for a delivery company and has been asked to look into running a pilot of a delivery system using autonomous drones for a small estate. Alex has been told to take ethics into account but is unsure whether the drones should follow a deontological or consequentialist approach to ethics.

i.What are the differences between deontological and consequentialist ethics?

ii.Part of Alex's brief is to ensure that hackers don't gain access to a drone's firmware or the onboard computer. Explain the meaning of 'firmware'.

iii.Give two possible consequences of a hacker gaining access to a drone.