Reference no: EM1388438

Antibiotics are chemical substances that kill or control the growth of bacteria or other organisms, such as single-celled protists, or fungi. Antibiotics are categorized as ‘cidal' if they kill the susceptible bacteria or microorganism or as ‘static' if they reversibly inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Traditionally, antibiotics have been distinguished from chemotherapeutic agents by the fact that they have a biological origin. Chemotherapeutic agents are synthetic chemicals. The distinction between the two is becoming blurred, however, as many new antibiotics are generated by chemical modification of naturally produced substances. A description of several antibiotics and how they work follows. For each antibiotic, explain which state of transcription or translation (initiation, elongation, termination) is affected by the antibiotic.
7. Rifamycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and leprosy. It inhibits bacterial growth by interacting with RNA polymerase to prevent binding. What stage of gene expression does the antibiotic affect?
8. Streptomycin is produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus. It blocks the binding of initiator tRNA.
9. Tetracycline prevents the attachment of charged TRNAs to the ribosomal acceptor (A) site where these TRNAs dock. They are used to treat chlamydial, mycoplasma and rickettsial infections.
10. Cycloheximide is an antibiotic that acts on eukaryotic cells. It is produced by the bacterium

Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their enzyme activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolism imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors....

Animals, plants, fungus, and protists are eukaryotes , organisms whose Cell are organized into complex structures enclosed within Cell membrane....
Streptomyces griseus. It inhibits the release of an empty tRNA from the large ribosome.
11. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae that is used to treat bacterial meningitis. It inhibits peptidyl transferase.