Reference no: EM131134597

Read the Inductive analogy pdf (attached and answer the following question)

-Some of the following 7 passages contain arguments based on inductive analogies. Identify these arguments, and specify the primary subject and the analogue. Then assess the strength of the inductive analogy, providing reasons for your answer. If the passage does not contain an inductive analogy, comment briefly about what sort of passage it is. Does it contain no argument at all? An argument of some other type? Or an a priori analogy?

1- In the civil service, people are spending other people's money. Civil servants do not have to earn the money they spend; it is given to them by the government, which raises it from tax dollars. That makes civil servants careless about their expenditures. Universities are like the civil service. Their administrations do not have to earn the money spent. It comes from the government. Therefore, we can expect university administrators to spend money carelessly.

2- Background: In the following passage, a Christian minister who was formerly a chief of police relates his police experience and suggests that apology and forgiveness could play a role in responses to crime.

Reflecting on my police career, I found that I was occasionally able to use forgiveness as an instrument of healing. But I have to admit, it was more by accident than by design. It was accidental because once in a while it appeared to be so logical, so human, to use tried and tested human solutions in the workplace-a simple human solution such as, when you make a mistake, say you're sorry. I came to find that in matters of internal police discipline, when one employee is aggrieved by another, pursuing a sincere apology from the offending employee to the person offended is an effective way to maintain the social fabric of the organization and a far better way than using cumbersome rules and regulations. Pursuing an apology is a way to reinforce the principles the organization needs in order to uphold the cultivation of trust, respect, and dignity between employees and the workplace.

(The Reverend David Cooper, "Forgiveness in the Community: Views from an Episcopal Priest and Former Chief of Police," in Robert D. Enright and Joanna North, Eds., Exploring Forgiveness [Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998], p. 126)
Assume that the conclusion is "apology and forgiveness will be useful in maintaining the social fabric of organizations."

3- In Plato's imaginary story of the cave, prisoners were in a cave where, in fixed positions, they saw only shadows and images in a darkened environment. They were unable to turn around and see the real world in the light of the sun. Plato's point was that people who saw only images would never know reality. We can apply the same sort of point to television viewers today. The real world cannot be known from the experience of a screen from a stationary position on a couch.

4- Last week I sold my 1995 Toyota Tercel for $1900. The body was in good shape and so was the engine, and the mileage on this car is good, which is important given the rising cost of gas. Your 1995 Toyota Tercel is in good condition, just the way mine was, and the mileage will be the same. Therefore probably you can get around $1900 for your car, if you sell it soon.

5- Suppose aliens came to earth from outer space and put us in cages and started to experiment with us, deliberately contaminating us with painful diseases to find out how soon we would die. We would complain and think they had done us a terrible wrong. Yet we do exactly this to animals less powerful than ourselves, telling ourselves that because these animals are less than human beings, what we do is all right? It's not. The very same argument applies to both cases.

6- Background: Whether safe injection facilities for drug addicts on Vancouver's East Side should be supported was disputed in the spring of 2008. A Vancouver physician and author defended the supervision of injecting addicts as harm reduction, which, he said, occurred in many areas of medicine. His claim was that when healing is not possible, harm reduction is in line with standard medical practice.

Prescribing inhalant medication to open airways and reduce lung inflammation in smokers also does not ‘heal' nicotine addiction: it only saves lives and improves quality of life. Similarly, quadruple bypass surgery in overstressed type-A business executives does not heal workaholism; insulin does not cure people whose eating patterns and sedentary habits have triggered diabetes, and intestinal bypass surgery in relief of morbid obesity does not cure food addiction. But all of these medical interventions are harm-reduction measures.... Given the chronic and relapsing nature of injection drug use among hardcore addicts, cure is not often achieved. That leaves us with the need to reduce the depredations of the condition on the afflicted person and that's what supervised injection: It minimizes disease transmission and affords first-line access to health care.
(Globe and Mail, June 4, 2008)

7- "Suppose that someone tells me that he has had a tooth extracted without an anaesthetic, and I express my sympathy, and suppose that I am then asked, ‘How do you know that it hurt him?' I might reasonably reply, ‘Well I know that it would hurt me. I have been to the dentist and know how painful it is to have a tooth stopped without an anaesthetic, let alone taken out. And he has the same sort of nervous system as I have. I infer, therefore, that in these conditions he felt considerable pain, just as I should myself.'"

(Alfred J. Ayer, "One's Knowledge of Other Minds," Theoria, Vol. 19, 1953; cited by Irving Copi in Introduction to Logic, 6th ed. [New York: Macmillan, 1982], p. 394)

Attachment:- Inductive analogy.pdf